tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77736709781344619982024-03-14T01:16:18.999-07:00redsoxhavenbushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.comBlogger233125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-63433694406420420362009-03-24T01:43:00.000-07:002009-03-24T01:44:46.319-07:00coffeeCoffee is a brewed beverage prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. Caffeinated coffee has a stimulating effect in humans. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide.<br /><br />Coffee was first consumed in the ninth century, when it was discovered in the highlands of Ethiopia. From there, it spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the 15th century, had reached Azerbaijan, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. From the Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe, to Indonesia, and to the Americas.bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-90390645990965661932008-05-02T08:45:00.001-07:002008-05-02T08:45:54.851-07:00 <b></b><br /> <small><span href="/wiki/Bushey" title="Bushey">Bushey</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span></small><br /> <b>Simon John Charles Le Bon</b> (born <span href="/wiki/October_27" title="October 27">October 27</span>, <span href="/wiki/1958" title="1958">1958</span>) is the lead singer and lyricist of the pop/rock band <span href="/wiki/Duran_Duran" title="Duran Duran">Duran Duran</span>. He was born in <span href="/w/index.php?title=Bushey_Maternity_Hospital&action=edit" class="new" title="Bushey Maternity Hospital">Bushey Maternity Hospital</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</span>.<br /> <span name="Upbringing" id="Upbringing"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.blackbookmag.com/ee/images/uploads/pf_main_lebon.jpg" alt="Simon Le Bon" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Duran Duran</b><br /> In 1984 Le Bon wooed the young <span href="/wiki/Fashion_model" title="Fashion model">fashion model</span> <span href="/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon" title="Yasmin Le Bon">Yasmin Parvaneh</span> after seeing her face in a magazine and phoning her <span href="/wiki/Modelling_agency" title="Modelling agency">modelling agency</span> to track her down. They married on <span href="/wiki/December_27" title="December 27">December 27</span>, <span href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</span> and <span href="/wiki/Yasmin_Le_Bon" title="Yasmin Le Bon">Yasmin Le Bon</span> has gone on to enjoy a <span href="/wiki/Supermodel" title="Supermodel">supermodel</span> career of unusual longevity-- more than twenty years. After suffering two <span href="/wiki/Miscarriages" title="Miscarriages">miscarriages</span>, the couple had three daughters: Amber Rose Tamara (born August 1989), Saffron Sahara (born September 1991) and Tallulah Pine (born September 1994).<br /> <span name="Yachting" id="Yachting"></span><br /> <b> Family</b><br /> While Duran Duran was on hiatus in <span href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</span>, Le Bon drew media attention when his maxi-yacht <i>Drum</i> lost her keel and capsized during the <span href="/wiki/Fastnet_race" title="Fastnet race">Fastnet race</span>, just off <span href="/wiki/Falmouth%2C_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</span>, along the southern coast of <span href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</span>. Before being rescued, Le Bon and other crew members were trapped underwater, inside the hull, for forty minutes. Despite the accident, Le Bon and <i>Drum</i> went on to participate in the 1985-1986 <span href="/wiki/Whitbread_Round_the_World_Race" title="Whitbread Round the World Race">Whitbread Round the World Race</span>, coming in third overall in elapsed time. Le Bon and his partners eventually sold <i>Drum</i>; the events surrounding <i>Drum</i> and the races were chronicled in a 1989 movie entitled <i>Drum - The Journey Of A Lifetime</i> (<span href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</span> <span href="http://www.amazon.com/dp/6301334159" class="external text" title="http://www.amazon.com/dp/6301334159" rel="nofollow">6301334159</span>).<br /> Twenty years after his accident, in 2005, Le Bon made public his desire to race again. During a touring hiatus in August 2005, Le Bon again raced <i>Drum</i> in the <span href="/wiki/Fastnet_race" title="Fastnet race">Fastnet race</span>, borrowing the vessel from her current owner to participate, and raising funds for the <span href="/wiki/RNLI" title="RNLI">RNLI</span> charity. Unfortunately, Le Bon had to leave the race unfinished, as light winds were slowing <i>Drum</i> (and <i>Drum's</i> competitors), and would have delayed the boat's arrival at Plymouth, interfering with Le Bon's obligation to perform in Japan at a sold-out, 60,000-seat show. <span href="http://www.cowes.co.uk/cb/zone?p=story2;story_id=650;cp=" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.cowes.co.uk/cb/zone?p=story2;story_id=650;cp=" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> <span name="Arcadia" id="Arcadia"></span><br /> <b> Yachting</b><br /> Before Duran Duran reunited, Le Bon formed the band <span href="/wiki/Arcadia_%28band%29" title="Arcadia (band)">Arcadia</span> with fellow Duran Duran members <span href="/wiki/Nick_Rhodes" title="Nick Rhodes">Nick Rhodes</span> and <span href="/wiki/Roger_Andrew_Taylor" title="Roger Andrew Taylor">Roger Taylor</span>. Arcadia released only one album, the multi-platinum <i><span href="/wiki/So_Red_The_Rose" title="So Red The Rose">So Red The Rose</span></i> (1985), and the band never toured.<br /> <span name="Duran_Duran_revival" id="Duran_Duran_revival"></span><br /> <b> Arcadia</b><br /> Following the departures of Roger Taylor and Andy Taylor, Le Bon, Rhodes, and John Taylor continued on as Duran Duran, recording and releasing <i><span href="/wiki/Notorious_%28album%29" title="Notorious (album)">Notorious</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</span>) and <i><span href="/wiki/Big_Thing" title="Big Thing">Big Thing</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</span>). The group added guitarist <span href="/wiki/Warren_Cuccurullo" title="Warren Cuccurullo">Warren Cuccurullo</span> and <span href="/wiki/Sterling_Campbell" title="Sterling Campbell">Sterling Campbell</span> (his only album as a member of the band) and recorded the album <i><span href="/wiki/Liberty_%28album%29" title="Liberty (album)">Liberty</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</span>), but the band's success had begun to wane in the late-<span href="/wiki/1980s" title="1980s">1980s</span>.<br /> Duran Duran had a resurgence in popularity in <span href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</span> with <i><span href="/wiki/Duran_Duran_%281993_album%29" title="Duran Duran (1993 album)">The Wedding Album</span></i>. Several months into the intensive concert tour supporting this album, Le Bon suffered from strained <span href="/wiki/Vocal_cords" title="Vocal cords">vocal cords</span>, and the tour was postponed for six weeks while he recovered.<br /> In 1995, Duran Duran released the covers album <i><span href="/wiki/Thank_You_%28Duran_Duran_album%29" title="Thank You (Duran Duran album)">Thank You</span></i>, and Le Bon had the chance to cover some of his favorite artists, (<span href="/wiki/Jim_Morrison" title="Jim Morrison">Jim Morrison</span>, <span href="/wiki/Lou_Reed" title="Lou Reed">Lou Reed</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Elvis_Costello" title="Elvis Costello">Elvis Costello</span>), but the album was severely panned by critics from all quarters. That year Le Bon also performed Duran Duran's 1993 hit "Ordinary World" with <span href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</span> <span href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</span> <span href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</span> during a "Children of Bosnia" <span href="/wiki/Benefit_concert" title="Benefit concert">benefit concert</span> for War Child. Le Bon described the event to Jam! Showbiz thus: "If you're talking about name dropping, he's one of the biggest names you could drop, Pav-The-Man."<br /> When bassist <span href="/wiki/Nigel_John_Taylor" title="Nigel John Taylor">John Taylor</span> left the band in 1997, Le Bon and Rhodes remained as the only two members who had been with Duran Duran from the beginning. The successive two albums with Le Bon, Rhodes, and Cuccurullo, <i><span href="/wiki/Medazzaland" title="Medazzaland">Medazzaland</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/1997" title="1997">1997</span>) and <i><span href="/wiki/Pop_Trash" title="Pop Trash">Pop Trash</span></i> (<span href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</span>) were not commercial successes.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span>, Duran Duran's original five members reunited to record a new album, "<span href="/wiki/Astronaut_%28album%29" title="Astronaut (album)">Astronaut</span>", for <span href="/wiki/Epic_Records" title="Epic Records">Epic Records</span>. "Astronaut" was released worldwide on <span href="/wiki/October_11" title="October 11">11 October</span> <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span>. The album was preceded by the single "(Reach Up For The) Sunrise", their first UK Top 10 single for a decade.<br /> <span name="Solo_excursions" id="Solo_excursions"></span><br /> <b> Solo excursions</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> Le Bon attended Birmingham University at the same time as <span href="/wiki/Blancmange_%28band%29" title="Blancmange (band)">Blancmange</span> lead singer Neil Arthur. This fact came up during a <span href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</span> interview of Blancmange done by <span href="/wiki/Chris_Heath" title="Chris Heath">Chris Heath</span>. According to Arthur, Le Bon recognised his old university classmate immediately upon running into him backstage at a <i><span href="/wiki/Top_Of_The_Pops" title="Top Of The Pops">Top Of The Pops</span></i> taping, and the two met up for a drink and friendly chat.<br /> As a teenager, he was a next-door neighbour to actor <span href="/wiki/Derek_Fowlds" title="Derek Fowlds">Derek Fowlds</span>.<br /> On the Clerks 10th Anniversary DVD, producer <span href="/wiki/Scott_Mosier" title="Scott Mosier">Scott Mosier</span> recalls Le Bon singing White Lines to him on his yacht during Clerks.' run at the Cannes Film Festival. bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-50138549967037882662008-04-30T09:42:00.001-07:002008-04-30T09:42:04.997-07:00<img src="http://www.rockabillyhall.com/dannygattonCDs02.jpg" alt="CKBY-FM" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>CKBY</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</span> radio station, which airs a <span href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</span> format at 101.1 <span href="/wiki/FM_radio" title="FM radio">FM</span> in <span href="/wiki/Smiths_Falls%2C_Ontario" title="Smiths Falls, Ontario">Smiths Falls</span> and <span href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</span>, <span href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</span>. The station is owned by <span href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</span>, and uses the brand name <b>Y101</b>.<br /> The station was launched in <span href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</span> as <b>CJET-FM</b>, a sister station to the <span href="/wiki/AM_radio" title="AM radio">AM radio</span> station <span href="/wiki/CJET-FM" title="CJET-FM">CJET</span>, and changed its callsign to <b>CKUE</b> in the early <span href="/wiki/1970s" title="1970s">1970s</span>.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</span>, the stations were acquired by CHEZ-FM Inc., the owner of Ottawa's <span href="/wiki/CHEZ-FM" title="CHEZ-FM">CHEZ</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</span>, CKUE changed its callsign to <b>CHEQ</b>.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</span>, CHEZ acquired rights to the callsign and format of <b>CFMO</b>, an <span href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</span> station in Ottawa which <span href="/wiki/CHUM_Limited" title="CHUM Limited">CHUM Limited</span> had converted to <span href="/wiki/Hot_adult_contemporary" title="Hot adult contemporary">hot adult contemporary</span> <span href="/wiki/CKKL-FM" title="CKKL-FM">CKKL</span>.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</span>, the CHEZ group of stations were acquired by <span href="/wiki/Rogers_Communications" title="Rogers Communications">Rogers Communications</span>. At the end of the year, Rogers converted the station to a <span href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">modern rock</span> format, using the callsign <b>CIOX</b> and the brand name <b>Xfm</b>. The station's facilities were moved into Ottawa, and in <span href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</span>, the <span href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">CRTC</span> found that by operating CIOX as an Ottawa station, Rogers was in contravention of <span href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">market concentration</span> rules about the number of radio stations in a single market that can be owned by the same company. As a result, the CRTC ordered Rogers to return the station to Smiths Falls.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/January_9" title="January 9">January 9</span>, <span href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</span>, the station adopted its current format when Rogers converted the former CKBY in Ottawa to the current <span href="/wiki/CISS-FM" title="CISS-FM">CISS</span>. 101.1 became CKBY, and 105.3 became CISS a month later after the format change.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-37772589676260172152008-04-29T08:50:00.001-07:002008-04-29T08:50:16.588-07:00<img src="http://www.planetizen.com/files/2006-sites-wiki.jpg" alt="Portal (architecture)" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Portal</b> is a general term describing an opening in the walls of a building, gate or fortification, and especially a grand entrance to an important structure. Doors, metal gates or <span href="/wiki/Portcullis" title="Portcullis">portcullis</span> in the opening can be used to control entry or exit. The surface surounding the opening may be made of simple building materials or decorated with <span href="/wiki/Ornament_%28architecture%29" title="Ornament (architecture)">ornamentation</span>. The elements of a portal can include the <span href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoir</span>, <span href="/wiki/Tympanum_%28architecture%29" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</span>, an ornamented mullion or <i>trumeau</i> between doors, and <span href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</span> with carvings of saints in the <span href="/wiki/Westwork" title="Westwork">westwork</span> of a <span href="/wiki/Church" title="Church">church</span>.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-87138968249760134572008-04-26T10:36:00.001-07:002008-04-26T10:36:38.173-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Anton Drexler</b> (<span href="/wiki/June_13" title="June 13">13 June</span> <span href="/wiki/1884" title="1884">1884</span> - <span href="/wiki/February_24" title="February 24">24 February</span> <span href="/wiki/1942" title="1942">1942</span>) was a German <span href="/wiki/Nazi" title="Nazi">Nazi</span> political leader of the <span href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</span>.<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> <img src="http://thirdreichmunich.com/images/titlemun.jpg" alt="Anton Drexler" align="center" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/assets/room2/anton_drexler.gif" alt="Anton Drexler" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Biography</b><br /> Born in <span href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</span>, Drexler was a machine-fitter before becoming a <span href="/wiki/Railway" title="Railway">railway</span> <span href="/wiki/Locksmith" title="Locksmith">locksmith</span> in <span href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</span> in 1902. He joined the <span href="/wiki/Fatherland_Party" title="Fatherland Party">Fatherland Party</span> during <span href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</span>. He was a <span href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</span> and a member of the <span href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch</span> agitators who, together with journalist <span href="/wiki/Karl_Harrer" title="Karl Harrer">Karl Harrer</span>, founded the <span href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</span> (DAP) in <span href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</span> with <span href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Gottfried Feder</span> and <span href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</span> in 1919. He was also a brewer but did not have much involvement with the Drexler Breweries, one of Bavaria's most popular breweries at the time.<br /> At a meeting of the Party in <span href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</span> in <span href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</span> <span href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</span>, the main speaker was <span href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Gottfried Feder</span>. When he had finished speaking, a member of the audience whose name is lost to history stood up and suggested that <span href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</span> should break away from <span href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</span> and form a separate nation with <span href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</span>. <span href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</span>).<br /> <span name="Footnotes" id="Footnotes"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-51580230210088187982008-04-25T10:40:00.001-07:002008-04-25T10:40:35.222-07:00<img src="http://amber.tangerinecs.com/images/december17.jpg" alt="International Waffle Day" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>International Waffle Day</b> was started in <span href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</span> where it is known as Våffeldagen. It is annually held on <span href="/wiki/March_25" title="March 25">March 25</span>.<br /> The <span href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</span> of the Virgin Mary was once called "Vårfrudagen" (Our Lady's Day) in Swedish. In certain dialects, the word "<i>Vårfru</i>dagen" was pronounced as "<i>Våffer</i>dagen" <span href="http://www.semper.se/templates/page.aspx?id=658" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.semper.se/templates/page.aspx?id=658" rel="nofollow">[1]</span>, Over time the word became "<i>Våffel</i>dagen" (Waffle Day), giving rise to the tradition of eating <span href="/wiki/Waffles" title="Waffles">waffles</span> on this day.<br /> Chris Matthewson, mayor of Waltz, Michigan, declared "International Waffle Day" an official holiday of the small village in March of 2006.<br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-8499862119553686582008-04-24T09:25:00.000-07:002008-04-24T11:30:22.137-07:00<img src="http://explorer.altopix.com/uploads/vgh4gu.jpg" alt="Besarabsky Market" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</span>: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Besarabsky_Market&params=50_27_32_N_30_31_5_E_type:landmark" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Besarabsky_Market&params=50_27_32_N_30_31_5_E_type:landmark" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="white-space:nowrap">50°27′32″N,</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">30°31′5″E</span></span></span></span></span><br /> The <b>Besarabsky Market</b> (<span href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</span>: <span lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">Бесарабський ринок, <span href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">translit.</span>: <i>Besarabs'kyi rynok</i></span>), also frequently called <b>Besarabka</b> (<span href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</span>: <span lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">Бесарабка</span>) is an indoor market located in the center of <span href="/wiki/Kiev" title="Kiev">Kiev</span> at the south-west end of <span href="/wiki/Khreshchatyk" title="Khreshchatyk">Khreshchatyk</span>, the main and best known street of the city.<br /> The market was built from 1910-1912 to the design of H. Hay.<br /> The name of the market originates from <span href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</span>, a region conquered by the <span href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</span> during the <span href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_Wars" title="Russo-Turkish Wars">Russo-Turkish Wars</span> and now partially located at south-western <span href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</span> in the <span href="/wiki/Odessa_Oblast" title="Odessa Oblast">Odessa Oblast</span>.<br /> An architectural exteriour window of the market.<br /> View of fruit stands inside the market.<br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-89601606795537486722008-04-23T09:51:00.001-07:002008-04-23T09:51:16.860-07:00 <b></b><br /> The <b>Alpine Ibex</b> (<i>Capra ibex</i>)—commonly called by its <span href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</span> or <span href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</span> name, <b>steinbock</b> or by its <span href="/wiki/Latin_language" title="Latin language">Latin</span> name <b>Capricorn</b>—is the species of <span href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</span> that lives in the European <span href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</span>. The <span href="/wiki/Spanish_Ibex" title="Spanish Ibex">Spanish Ibex</span> (<i>Capra pyrenaica</i>) and the <span href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</span> <span href="/wiki/Nubian_Ibex" title="Nubian Ibex">Nubian Ibex</span> (<i>Capra ibex nubiana</i>) are very close relatives of the Alpine Ibex — the Spanish form is generally considered specifically distinct, but the Nubian is usually considered a <span href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</span> of Alpine Ibex.<br /> <span name="Habitat" id="Habitat"></span><br /> <b> Habitat</b><br /> Male specimens commonly grow to a height of about 1 <span href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metre</span> (3 feet) and reach a weight of about 100 <span href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</span> (220 <span href="/wiki/Pound_%28mass%29" title="Pound (mass)">lb</span>). Females are usually only half the size of males. Apart from size, males can also be distinguished by their prominent beard. Older males will tend to grow beards under their chin. Both male and female ibexes have large, backwards-curving horns although those of the male are substantially larger and can grow to an impressive length of up to 1 m. These horns are used to defend themselves from predators such as <span href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</span>, <span href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</span>, <span href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</span>, <span href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</span> and <span href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</span>. Small kids may also be susceptible to attacks from large predatory birds such as <span href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</span>. The Ibex has a brownish grey colouring in the summer which changes during the winter months to a richer, darker brown. It is related to the Nubian and Siberian ibexes.<br /> <span name="Foraging_behaviour" id="Foraging_behaviour"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.lewis-clark.org/media/images/an_ibex-Alpine.jpg" alt="Alpine Ibex" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Breeding habits</b><br /> The steinbock has for a long time been regarded as a mystical animal; almost all of its body parts and its excrement were sought after as cures for various illnesses and as ingredients for magical potions. As a result of very extensive hunting, the steinbock was almost extinct as early as the beginning <span href="/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</span>. Thanks to the efforts of a small group of foresters, the last remaining animals in <span href="/wiki/Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</span> were protected in <span href="/wiki/1816" title="1816">1816</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1854" title="1854">1854</span>, <span href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II of Italy</span> placed the animals under his personal custody. Today, after extensive and ongoing <span href="/wiki/Reintroduction" title="Reintroduction">reintroduction</span> programs, the population in the wild is estimated at about 30,000.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-19218522892134647612008-04-22T10:18:00.000-07:002008-04-22T10:20:13.231-07:00<img src="http://img.tfd.com/wn/13/6A1D4-william-penn-adair-rogers.gif" alt="William Percival Crozier" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>William Percival Crozier</b> (<span href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">1 August</span> <span href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</span> – <span href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">16 April</span> <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>) was a <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</span> <span href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</span> and editor of the <i><span href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</span></i> from <span href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</span>, when he succeeded <span href="/wiki/Edward_Taylor_Scott" title="Edward Taylor Scott">Ted Scott</span>, who had died in a sailing accident, until his death in <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>.<br /> Crozier was born at <span href="/wiki/Stanhope" title="Stanhope">Stanhope</span> in <span href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</span> on <span href="/wiki/August_1" title="August 1">1 August</span> <span href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</span>, the youngest son of Rev. Richard Crozier, a <span href="/wiki/Methodist" title="Methodist">Methodist</span> <span href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" title="Minister of religion">minister</span>, and his wife, Elizabeth Hallimond. He was educated at <span href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</span> and <span href="/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College</span>, <span href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</span>, where he gained a first class degree in <span href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</span> (<span href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</span>).<br /> After leaving <span href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</span> he spent a year as a <span href="/wiki/Schoolmaster" title="Schoolmaster">schoolmaster</span> in <span href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</span>, before abandoning <span href="/wiki/Teaching" title="Teaching">teaching</span> for <span href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</span>, joining first <span href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</span> and then the <span href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</span> in <span href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</span>. He made an impression with his critical analysis of the case for <span href="/wiki/Tariff_reform" title="Tariff reform">tariff reform</span>, and quickly came to the attention of the Guardian's then <span href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">editor</span>, <span href="/wiki/C._P._Scott" title="C. P. Scott">C. P. Scott</span>, who, recognising Crozier's potential, made him his right-hand man at the paper in charge of news gathering. In <span href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</span> Crozier was made news editor and in <span href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</span> military critic. He also later served as foreign editor. Under Scott, Crozier reorganized the Guardian's foreign news service, increased the use of <span href="/wiki/Photographs" title="Photographs">photographs</span> and <span href="/wiki/Maps" title="Maps">maps</span>, encouraged new features and introduced the daily <span href="/wiki/Crossword" title="Crossword">crossword</span> in <span href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</span>. He also developed a deep commitment to <span href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</span> and became "<i>the leading advocate in the daily press of a Jewish national home</i>." (Morris)<br /> Crozier was made a member of the <span href="/wiki/Manchester_Guardian" title="Manchester Guardian">Manchester Guardian</span>'s board and was appointed editor in April <span href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</span> after the death of <span href="/wiki/Edward_Taylor_Scott" title="Edward Taylor Scott">Edward Taylor Scott</span>. Crozier's appointment was in part intended to guarantee editorial continuity, and he maintained a close control over the paper, frequently contributing leading articles and editorials. Foreign news had always been Crozier's chief interest and his editorship coincided with the establishment of the <span href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</span> regime in <span href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</span> and the <span href="/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War">Second World War</span>. Working closely with his friend and sometime German <span href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondent</span>, <span href="/wiki/F._A._Voigt" title="F. A. Voigt">F. A. Voigt</span>, Crozier "<i>considered it no less than his duty personally and persistently to expose the <span href="/wiki/Nazis" title="Nazis">Nazis</span></i>" (Morris) and he pursued this policy with a crusading zeal until the very end. In the late <span href="/wiki/1930s" title="1930s">1930s</span> his health became increasingly frail and he suffered from a perforated <span href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcer</span> in <span href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</span> he was diagnosed with the heart condition which proved ultimately to be fatal.<br /> Crozier died at his Manchester home on <span href="/wiki/April_16" title="April 16">16 April</span> <span href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</span>, aged 64.<br /> <span name="Furthe_reading" id="Furthe_reading"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-55971275805509965602008-04-21T08:22:00.001-07:002008-04-21T08:22:56.786-07:00<img src="http://www.cacci.org.tw/images/logo.jpg" alt="Russian constitution" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <i>For the constitution of the Imperial Russia, see <span href="/wiki/Russian_Constitution_of_1906" title="Russian Constitution of 1906">Russian Constitution of 1906</span></i><br /> <small>This article is part of the series:</small> <b><span href="/wiki/Politics_of_Russia" title="Politics of Russia">Politics and government of Russia</span></b><br /> The current <b><span href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</span> of the <span href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</span></b> (<span href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</span>: <span lang="ru" xml:lang="ru">Конститу́ция Росси́йской Федера́ции</span>) was adopted by national referendum on <span href="/wiki/December_12" title="December 12">December 12</span>, <span href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</span>. It replaced the previous <span href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</span>-era Constitution of <span href="/wiki/April_12" title="April 12">April 12</span>, <span href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</span> of <span href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" title="Russian SFSR">Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic</span> following the <span href="/wiki/Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993" title="Russian constitutional crisis of 1993">Russian constitutional crisis of 1993</span>.<br /> Of all registered voters, 58,187,755 people (or 54.8%) participated in the referendum. Of those, 32,937,630 people (54.5%) voted for adoption of the Constitution.<br /> <span name="Declaration_of_adoption" id="Declaration_of_adoption"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Constitution of the Russian Federation">Constitution</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President</span>: <span href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Russian_presidential_administration" title="Russian presidential administration">Presidential Administration</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_Russia" title="Security Council of Russia">Security Council</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Government_of_Russia" title="Government of Russia">Government</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</span>: <span href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov" title="Mikhail Fradkov">Mikhail Fradkov</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Mikhail_Fradkov%27s_Second_Cabinet" title="Mikhail Fradkov's Second Cabinet">Cabinet</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Federal_Assembly_of_Russia" title="Federal Assembly of Russia">Federal Assembly</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Federation_Council_of_Russia" title="Federation Council of Russia">Federation Council</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Judiciary_%28Russian_Constitution%29" title="Judiciary (Russian Constitution)">Judiciary (Russian Constitution)</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li><span href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation">Constitutional Court</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Supreme Court of the Russian Federation">Supreme Court</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Arbitration_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Supreme Court of Arbitration of the Russian Federation">Supreme Court of Arbitration</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Public_Chamber_of_Russia" title="Public Chamber of Russia">Public Chamber</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Council of the Russian Federation">State Council</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Law of the Russian Federation">Law system</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Russia" title="List of political parties in Russia">Political parties</span> <span href="/wiki/Elections_in_Russia" title="Elections in Russia">Elections in Russia</span><br /> <ul><br /> <li>President: <span href="/wiki/Russian_presidential_election%2C_2000" title="Russian presidential election, 2000">2000</span> - <span href="/wiki/Russian_presidential_election%2C_2004" title="Russian presidential election, 2004">2004</span> - <span href="/wiki/Russian_presidential_election%2C_2008" title="Russian presidential election, 2008">2008</span><br /> Parliamentary: <span href="/wiki/Russian_legislative_election%2C_2003" title="Russian legislative election, 2003">2003</span> - <span href="/wiki/Russian_legislative_election%2C_2007" title="Russian legislative election, 2007">2007</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Central_Election_Commission_of_Russia" title="Central Election Commission of Russia">Central Election Commission</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia" title="Subdivisions of Russia">Subdivisions</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subjects</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Russia" title="Human rights in Russia">Human rights</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Russia" title="Foreign relations of Russia">Foreign relations</span> <b> Declaration of adoption</b><br /> The constitution is divided into two sections.<br /> <span name="Section_One" id="Section_One"></span><br /> <b> Structure</b><br /> <span name="Section_Two" id="Section_Two"></span><br /> Fundamentals of the Constitutional System<br /> Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen <span href="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-03.htm" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> Russian Federation<br /> President of the Russian Federation<br /> Federal Assembly<br /> Government<br /> Judiciary<br /> Local Self-Government<br /> Constitutional Amendments and Revisions <b> See also</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-35287363557430231862008-04-20T10:35:00.001-07:002008-04-20T10:35:44.602-07:00<img src="http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/McGrawHill/atchitecture/f0374-01.png" alt="Baron and Feme" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Baron and Feme</b>, in <span href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</span>, is a phrase used for husband and wife, in relation to each other, who are accounted as one person. Hence, by the old law of evidence, the one party was excluded from giving evidence for or against the other in <span href="/wiki/Civil" title="Civil">civil</span> questions, and a relic of this is still preserved in the <span href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</span>.<br /> <b>Baron and Feme</b>, in <span href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</span>, is a term used when the <span href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats-of-arms</span> of a man and his wife are borne per pale in the same <span href="/wiki/Escutcheon" title="Escutcheon">escutcheon</span>, the man's being always on the dexter (<span href="/wiki/Relative_direction" title="Relative direction">right</span>) side, and the woman's (or, more precisely, the woman's father's) on the sinister (<span href="/wiki/Relative_direction" title="Relative direction">left</span>). This is the normal way of displaying a married couple's arms together; only when the woman is a heraldic heiress is it not used (in such a case her arms are displayed on her husband's on an inescutcheon of pretence).<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-89286413962992652152008-04-19T08:16:00.001-07:002008-04-19T08:16:12.009-07:00<img src="http://cache.virtualtourist.com/1/3398744-Walking-Amsterdam.jpg" alt="Homomonument" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> The <b>Homomonument</b> is a <span href="/wiki/Memorial" title="Memorial">memorial</span> in the centre of <span href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</span>, the capital of the <span href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</span>. It commemorates all <span href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay men</span> and <span href="/wiki/Lesbians" title="Lesbians">lesbians</span> who have been subjected to persecution because of their <span href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</span>. Opened on <span href="/wiki/September_5" title="September 5">September 5</span>, <span href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</span>, it takes the form of three large <span href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangles</span> made of granite, set into the ground so as to form a larger triangle, on the bank of the Keizersgracht canal, near the historic <span href="/wiki/Westerkerk" title="Westerkerk">Westerkerk</span> church.<br /> The Homomonument was designed to "inspire and support lesbians and gays in their struggle against denial, oppression and <span href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</span>." It was built as an initiative in May <span href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</span> of the Dutch <span href="/wiki/Gay_rights" title="Gay rights">gay and lesbian rights</span> movement, with the support of groups in other countries.<br /> The idea of a permanent memorial to gay and lesbian victims of persecution dated from <span href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</span>, when gay activists were arrested for attempting to place a lavender wreath at the <span href="/w/index.php?title=National_War_Memorial_%28Netherlands%29&action=edit" class="new" title="National War Memorial (Netherlands)">National War Memorial</span> on <span href="/wiki/Dam_Square" title="Dam Square">Dam Square</span> in the centre of <span href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</span>. The wreath was removed by police and denounced as a disgrace.<br /> The triangular theme is based on the <span href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</span> symbol, which was worn by gay men imprisoned in the <span href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</span> of <span href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</span> and was later adopted as a symbol of the gay rights movement. Up to 50,000 gay men died during the Nazi era.<br /> Although the Homomonument is often described as a memorial to the gay victims of Nazi persecution, it is intended to commemorate all gay men and lesbians who have suffered, and continue to suffer, persecution in all countries and in all ages.<br /> It took eight years to raise the necessary 180,000 euros to build the Homomonument. Most of this came from donations from individuals and organisations. The Dutch Parliament donated 50,000 euros, and the city of Amsterdam and the province of <span href="/wiki/North_Holland" title="North Holland">North Holland</span> also made contributions.<br /> In <span href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</span> artists were invited to submit designs and a jury was assembled consisting of experts in the fields of art and design. The jury chose a design by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Karin_Daan&action=edit" class="new" title="Karin Daan">Karin Daan</span>, based on the pink triangle. With the triangle on the water as its central point, Daan expanded the design to make her work as monumental as possible without disrupting the surroundings.<br /> As well as the triangle on the canal, which has a set of steps leading to the water where floral wreaths are frequently laid, there is a triangle on land 60cm high and a memorial triangle at street level. The three triangles--each measuring 10 meters (30 feet) on each side-- together form a larger triangle connected on each side by a thin row of pink granite bricks. This larger triangle measures 36 meters on each side.<br /> The alignments of the three points of the larger triangle are symbolic. One points towards the National War Memorial on Dam Square. One points towards the house of <span href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</span>, the Jewish girl who was deported to her death by the Nazis. The third points towards the headquarters of <span href="/wiki/COC_Nederland" title="COC Nederland">COC Nederland</span>, the Dutch gay rights group founded in <span href="/wiki/1946" title="1946">1946</span>.<br /> (COC originally stood for <i>Cultuur en Ontspannings-Centrum</i>, or Centre for Culture and Leisure, which was intended as a "cover" name for its real purpose. It is the oldest continuously operating gay and lesbian organisation in the world.)<br /> On the triangle pointing towards the Anne Frank House is engraved a line of poetry by the Dutch Jewish presumedly gay poet <span href="/wiki/Jacob_Isra%C3%ABl_de_Haan" title="Jacob Israël de Haan">Jacob Israël de Haan</span> (1881-1924): <i>Naar Vriendschap Zulk een Mateloos Verlangen</i> ("Such an endless desire for friendship"). The text is from his poem <i>To a Young Fisherman</i>.<br /> A miniature version of the Homomonument can be seen at <span href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</span>'s <span href="/wiki/Madurodam" title="Madurodam">Madurodam</span> park. The scale model was unveiled on <span href="/wiki/October_24" title="October 24">October 24</span>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>, by Amsterdam mayor <span href="/wiki/Job_Cohen" title="Job Cohen">Job Cohen</span> and COC chair Frank van Dalen.<br /> <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</span>: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params=52.374443_N_4.884758_E_region:NL_type:landmark" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?params=52.374443_N_4.884758_E_region:NL_type:landmark" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.374443° N 4.884758° E</span></span></span></span><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-46663473727927459942008-04-18T09:35:00.000-07:002008-04-18T09:36:05.288-07:00<img src="http://internetanniversary.cs.ucla.edu/speakers/boyd.jpg" alt="Danah Boyd" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Danah Michele Boyd</b> (born <b>Danah Michele Mattas</b> in 1977) is an <span href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</span> <span href="/wiki/Academic" title="Academic">academic</span>, <span href="/wiki/Researcher" title="Researcher">researcher</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogger</span> best known for media appearances where she speaks about social networking sites such as <span href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</span> and <span href="/wiki/MySpace" title="MySpace">MySpace</span>. Since 2003, she and her research have been quoted on the subject of social networking in dozens of different articles in media sources such as <span href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</span>,<br /> <span name="Biography" id="Biography"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-26352481992237720712008-04-17T08:43:00.001-07:002008-04-17T08:43:48.256-07:00<img src="http://www.4icu.org/i/screenshots/9575.gif" alt="Institute of Technology, Tallaght" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <span class="fn org">Institute of Technology, Tallaght</span><img src="http://www.it-tallaght.ie/media/Media,17845,en.jpg" alt="Institute of Technology, Tallaght" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <i>Institiúid Teicneolaíochta, Tamhlacht</i><br /> <span href="/wiki/Image:Ittdublin.gif" class="image" title="Image:ittdublin.gif"><img alt="Image:ittdublin.gif" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fc/Ittdublin.gif" width="160" height="109" border="0" /></span><br /> <b>Institute of Technology, Tallaght</b> (<b>ITT</b>) formerly <b>Regional Technical College, Tallaght</b>, located in <span href="/wiki/Tallaght" title="Tallaght">Tallaght</span>, <span href="/wiki/County_Dublin" title="County Dublin">County Dublin</span>, <span href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</span>. The institute was established in <span href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</span> the final new <span href="/wiki/Regional_Technical_College" title="Regional Technical College">Regional Technical College</span> opened in Ireland.<br /> In 2005 the institute adopted the abbreviated title of <b>ITT Dublin</b>, to differentiate it from IT Tralee; this does not change the legal name which continues to be "Institute of Technology, Tallaght" as confirmed in the Institutes of Technology Act 2006.<br /> The institute offers a variety of courses including: <span href="/wiki/Higher_Certificate" title="Higher Certificate">Higher Certificates</span> and <span href="/wiki/Bachelors_Degree" title="Bachelors Degree">Bachelors Degrees</span> as well as <span href="/w/index.php?title=Postgraduate_courses&action=edit" class="new" title="Postgraduate courses">Postgraduate courses</span> in: <span href="/wiki/Accountancy" title="Accountancy">accountancy</span>, <span href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</span>, <span href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</span>, <span href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</span> and <span href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</span> among others.<br /> The institute is the <span href="/wiki/Ethernet_hub" title="Ethernet hub">hub</span> of the <span href="/wiki/ITnet" title="ITnet">ITnet</span> <span href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</span>.<br /> <span name="See_also" id="See_also"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-40606948194801975362008-04-16T09:34:00.001-07:002008-04-16T09:34:24.250-07:00 <b></b><br /> This is a <b>list of <span href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">craters</span> on the <span href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</span></b>. The large majority of these features are <span href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">impact craters</span>. The <span href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">crater nomenclature</span> is governed by the <span href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</span>, and this listing only includes features that are officially recognized by that scientific society.<br /> <span name="Craters" id="Craters"></span><br /> <img src="http://kayak.aol.co.uk/kimg/48/2e/9f1e66bb-43fdb7ec2470CratersoftheMoon.jpg" alt="List of craters on the Moon" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Craters</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lunar_crater_locations" title="Lunar crater locations">Lunar crater locations</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_features_on_the_Moon" title="List of features on the Moon">List of features on the Moon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_maria_on_the_Moon" title="List of maria on the Moon">List of maria on the Moon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_the_Moon" title="List of mountains on the Moon">List of mountains on the Moon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_on_the_Moon" title="List of valleys on the Moon">List of valleys on the Moon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature" title="Planetary nomenclature">Planetary nomenclature</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Selenography" title="Selenography">Selenography</span> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-73057338984288979832008-04-15T09:11:00.001-07:002008-04-15T09:11:27.396-07:00 <b> Kattegat incident</b><br /> In <span href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</span> the K-33 was involved in a radiation emergency in the <span href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</span>, involving <span href="/wiki/Dehermeticity" title="Dehermeticity">dehermeticity</span> of fuel elements.<br /> <span name="Technical_specifications" id="Technical_specifications"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Submarine_Hotel_II_class.jpg/250px-Submarine_Hotel_II_class.jpg" alt="Soviet submarine K-33" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Technical specifications</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Varimaa-2007">Varimaa, Jaakko (2007). <i>Sukellusvene sumussa</i>. Revontuli. <span href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Booksources&isbn=9789525170672" class="internal">ISBN 978-952-5170-67-2</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sukellusvene+sumussa&rft.aulast=Varimaa&rft.aufirst=Jaakko&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=Revontuli&rft.isbn=978-952-5170-67-2"> </span><br /> <span href="http://www.iltasanomat.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/uutinen.asp?id=1346925" class="external text" title="http://www.iltasanomat.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/uutinen.asp?id=1346925" rel="nofollow">Ilta-Sanomat 4 April 2007</span> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-34230646715170973552008-04-14T09:44:00.001-07:002008-04-14T09:44:24.417-07:00 <b></b><br /> <b>Paul Brady</b> (born Paul Joseph Brady, <span href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">19 May</span> <span href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</span>, <span href="/wiki/Strabane" title="Strabane">Strabane</span>, <span href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</span>, <span href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</span>) is an <span href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</span> <span href="/wiki/Singer-songwriter" title="Singer-songwriter">singer-songwriter</span>, whose work straddles <span href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk</span> and <span href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">pop</span>. He was into a wide variety of <span href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</span> from an early age. During his career he has passed through several major <span href="/wiki/Band_%28music%29" title="Band (music)">bands</span> and on to a successful <span href="/wiki/Solo_%28music%29" title="Solo (music)">solo</span> phase.<br /> Brady began performing as a hotel <span href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</span> player in <span href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">Donegal</span> at the age of sixteen before becoming a <span href="/wiki/Guitarist" title="Guitarist">guitarist</span>, during the <span href="/wiki/1960s" title="1960s">1960s</span>, in two <span href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</span> bands: Rockhouse and the Cult. There followed a stint with <span href="/wiki/The_Johnstons" title="The Johnstons">The Johnstons</span> as a guitarist and singer that ended in 1974, and a shorter one with <span href="/wiki/Planxty" title="Planxty">Planxty</span> that saw Brady touring extensively but recording no albums. In 1976, Brady recorded an <span href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">album</span> with <span href="/wiki/Andy_Irvine_%28musician%29" title="Andy Irvine (musician)">Andy Irvine</span> that he now regards as his best. <i>Welcome Here Kind Stranger</i>, released in 1978 was the summation of his interest in Irish music and was followed in 1981 by the appropriately named <i>Hard Station</i>, Brady's engagement with commercial rock. Brady went on to record several other albums and collaborated with <span href="/wiki/Bonnie_Raitt" title="Bonnie Raitt">Bonnie Raitt</span> and <span href="/wiki/Richard_Thompson" title="Richard Thompson">Richard Thompson</span>. In 2006 he collaborated with <span href="/wiki/Cara_Dillon" title="Cara Dillon">Cara Dillon</span> on the track "The Streets of Derry" from her album <i>After the Morning</i>. He has also worked with <span href="/wiki/Fiachra_Trench" title="Fiachra Trench">Fiachra Trench</span>.<br /> He performed <span href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Gaelic</span> songs as a character in the 2002 <span href="/wiki/Matthew_Barney" title="Matthew Barney">Matthew Barney</span> film <i><span href="/wiki/The_Cremaster_Cycle#Cremaster_3" title="The Cremaster Cycle">Cremaster 3</span></i>.<br /> <span name="Solo_discography" id="Solo_discography"></span><br /> <img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCCf5QJ3yoqqSqjNM66nmVS4lu2ajt6aKlZhHmz8Iph2WoYqVTaV1X6VNr9dwyhiprqfrZG3zxHCorHUfX4mjurLckz4QGoSfYlW5W4-2oy1bDoKAba24TBibgcAUSGZ3gqA4nu1QWDx8/s320/Paul+brady+alone+right.jpg" alt="Paul Brady" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Solo discography</b><br /> <span name="External_link" id="External_link"></span><br /> <i>Welcome Here Kind Stranger</i> (<span href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</span>)<br /> <i>Hard Station</i> (<span href="/wiki/1981" title="1981">1981</span>)<br /> <i>True for You</i> (<span href="/wiki/1983" title="1983">1983</span>)<br /> <i>Back to the Centre</i> (<span href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</span>)<br /> <i>Full Moon</i> (<span href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</span>)<br /> <i>Primitive Dance</i> (<span href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</span>)<br /> <i>Trick or Treat</i> (<span href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</span>)<br /> <i>Songs & Crazy Dreams</i> (<span href="/wiki/Compilation_album" title="Compilation album">Compilation</span>) (<span href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</span>)<br /> <i>Spirits Colliding</i> (<span href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</span>)<br /> <i>Nobody Knows: The Best of Paul Brady</i> (Compilation) (<span href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</span>)<br /> <i>Oh What a World</i> (<span href="/wiki/2000" title="2000">2000</span>)<br /> <i>The Liberty Tapes</i> (<span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span>)<br /> <i>Hawana Way</i> (<span href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</span>)<br /> <i>Say What You Feel</i> (<span href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</span>) bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-25218176741654150722008-04-13T08:38:00.001-07:002008-04-13T08:38:48.085-07:00<img src="http://www.sustrans.org.uk/webimages/Day%2520Rides/thrlkeld_0322.jpg" alt="Thomas Bouch" align="left" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://www.photohistory-sussex.co.uk/DonovBouch.jpg" alt="Thomas Bouch" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> Sir <b>Thomas Bouch</b> (<span href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</span>: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[baʊtʃ]</span>) (<span href="/wiki/February_25" title="February 25">25 February</span> <span href="/wiki/1822" title="1822">1822</span> - <span href="/wiki/October_30" title="October 30">30 October</span> <span href="/wiki/1880" title="1880">1880</span>) was a <span href="/wiki/Railway" title="Railway">railway</span> <span href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</span> in <span href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</span> <span href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</span>.<br /> He was born in <span href="/wiki/Thursby" title="Thursby">Thursby</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</span>, <span href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</span> and lived in <span href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</span>. He helped develop the <span href="/wiki/Caisson_%28engineering%29" title="Caisson (engineering)">caisson</span> and the roll-on/roll-off <span href="/wiki/Train_ferry" title="Train ferry">train ferry</span>. He also built a number of railway bridges, at <span href="/wiki/Belah" title="Belah">Belah</span> and <span href="/wiki/Deepdale" title="Deepdale">Deepdale</span> on an important cross-Pennines route (now defunct, but which survived until the era of <span href="/wiki/Dr_Beeching" title="Dr Beeching">Dr Beeching</span> in the 1960s.<br /> <span name="Tay_Bridge" id="Tay_Bridge"></span><br /> <b> Tay Bridge</b><br /> He designed the first <span href="/wiki/Tay_Rail_Bridge" title="Tay Rail Bridge">Tay Rail Bridge</span> whilst working for the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Edinburgh_and_Northern_Railway&action=edit" class="new" title="Edinburgh and Northern Railway">Edinburgh and Northern Railway</span>. <span href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</span> travelled over it at the official opening in 1878, and she awarded him a <span href="/wiki/Knighthood" title="Knighthood">knighthood</span> in recognition of his achievement. However, the bridge collapsed on <span href="/wiki/December_28" title="December 28">December 28</span>, <span href="/wiki/1879" title="1879">1879</span> when it was hit by strong side winds. A train was travelling over it at a time, and 75 people died, among them Thomas Bouch's son-in-law.<br /> The subsequent public inquiry revealed that the railway company sacrificed safety and durability to save costs. Sloppy working practices such as poor <span href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</span> and the re-use of <span href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</span> dropped into the sea during construction were factors in the bridge's collapse. The inquiry concluded that the bridge was "badly designed, badly built, and badly maintained". All of the high girders section fell during the accident, and analysis of the archives has shown that the design of cast iron columns with integral lugs holding the tie bars was a critical mistake. As the engineer, Thomas Bouch was blamed for its collapse, his assistant <span href="/wiki/Charles_Meik" title="Charles Meik">Charles Meik</span>, having merely left an impression that he "was aptly named", implying that he had no great influence over the design and construction.<br /> <span name="Forth_Bridge" id="Forth_Bridge"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-44634686320673245122008-04-12T10:22:00.001-07:002008-04-12T10:22:39.832-07:00 <b> History</b><br /> Hamilton is located at <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton%2C_Ohio&params=39_23_45_N_84_33_54_W_city" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=Hamilton%2C_Ohio&params=39_23_45_N_84_33_54_W_city" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="white-space:nowrap">39°23′45″N,</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">84°33′54″W</span></span></span></span> (39.395806, -84.564920).<br /> According to the <span href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</span>, the city has a total area of 57.2 <span href="/wiki/Km%C2%B2" title="Km²">km²</span> (22.1 <span href="/wiki/Square_mile" title="Square mile">mi²</span>). 56.0 km² (21.6 mi²) of it is land and 1.2 km² (0.5 mi²) of it (2.13%) is water.<br /> <span name="Demographics" id="Demographics"></span><br /> <b> Geography</b><br /> As of the <span href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</span> of 2000, there were 60,690 people, 24,188 households, and 15,867 families residing in the city. The <span href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</span> was 1,084.3/km² (2,808.2/mi²). There were 25,913 housing units at an average density of 463.0/km² (1,199.0/mi²). The racial makeup of the city was 88.94% <span href="/wiki/White_%28U.S._Census%29" title="White (U.S. Census)">White</span>, 7.55% <span href="/wiki/African_American_%28U.S._Census%29" title="African American (U.S. Census)">African American</span>, 0.29% <span href="/wiki/Native_American_%28U.S._Census%29" title="Native American (U.S. Census)">Native American</span>, 0.45% <span href="/wiki/Asian_%28U.S._Census%29" title="Asian (U.S. Census)">Asian</span>, 0.04% <span href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_%28U.S._Census%29" title="Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)">Pacific Islander</span>, 1.46% from <span href="/wiki/Race_%28United_States_Census%29" title="Race (United States Census)">other races</span>, and 1.28% from two or more races. <span href="/wiki/Hispanic_%28U.S._Census%29" title="Hispanic (U.S. Census)">Hispanic</span> or <span href="/wiki/Latino_%28U.S._Census%29" title="Latino (U.S. Census)">Latino</span> of any race were 2.58% of the population.<br /> There were 24,188 households out of which 31.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.5% were <span href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">married couples</span> living together, 15.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 29.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 3.02.<br /> In the city the population was spread out with 25.8% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 20.2% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.1 males.<br /> The median income for a household in the city was $35,365, and the median income for a family was $41,936. Males had a median income of $32,646 versus $23,850 for females. The <span href="/wiki/Per_capita_income" title="Per capita income">per capita income</span> for the city was $17,493. About 10.6% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the <span href="/wiki/Poverty_line" title="Poverty line">poverty line</span>, including 18.1% of those under age 18 and 9.8% of those age 65 or over.<br /> Hamilton is the 12th largest city in Ohio.<br /> <span name="Historical_population_figures" id="Historical_population_figures"></span><br /> <b> Demographics</b><br /> <span name="Education" id="Education"></span><br /> 1900--23,914<br /> 1910--35,279<br /> 1920--39,675<br /> 1930--52,176<br /> 1940--40,592<br /> 1950--57,951<br /> 1960--72,345<br /> 1970--67,865<br /> 1980--63,189<br /> 1990--61,436<br /> 2000--60,690<br /> 2003 estimated--60,763<br /> 2004 estimated--60,996<br /> 2005 estimated--61,943<br /> 2006 estimated--62,130 <b> Historical population figures</b><br /> Hamilton is served by the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton_City_School&action=edit" class="new" title="Hamilton City School">Hamilton City School</span> district. The district is currently experiencing a $200 million building project that includes eight new elementary schools, a new freshman school, two completely renovated middle schools and an upgraded high school complete with two new gyms, a new media center, six new classrooms and a new cafeteria. Talawanda, Ross, and New Miami School Districts also serve corners of the city.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Miami_University" title="Miami University">Miami University</span> has a branch in the city. Miami Hamilton opened in the 1960's and now consists of seven buildings and over 3400 students. Another branch is found in nearby Middletown, Ohio and has about 2,500 students.<br /> Badin High School, a private Catholic school serves the city and surrounding area, as well as several Catholic elementaries.<br /> <span name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.drug-rehabs.org/images/Ohio.gif" alt="Hamilton, Ohio" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Trivia</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/William_Allen_%28congressman%29" title="William Allen (congressman)">William Allen</span>, born near Hamilton, later <span href="/wiki/United_States_Congressman" title="United States Congressman">United States Congressman</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Jim_Tracy" title="Jim Tracy">Jim Tracy</span>, Professional Baseball Player and Manager<br /> <span href="/wiki/Scott_Walker_%28singer%29" title="Scott Walker (singer)">Scott Walker</span>, singer, songwriter<br /> <span href="/wiki/Roger_Troutman" title="Roger Troutman">Roger Troutman</span>, singer, songwriter<br /> <span href="/wiki/Greg_Dulli" title="Greg Dulli">Greg Dulli</span>, singer, songwriter<br /> <span href="/wiki/Leroy_Bonner" title="Leroy Bonner">Leroy Bonner</span>, musician<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Greg_Webster&action=edit" class="new" title="Greg Webster">Greg Webster</span>, musician<br /> <span href="/wiki/Greg_Stokes" title="Greg Stokes">Greg Stokes</span>, Professional Basketball Player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Kevin_Grevey" title="Kevin Grevey">Kevin Grevey</span>, Professional Basketball Player<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Brandon_Lampley&action=edit" class="new" title="Brandon Lampley">Brandon Lampley</span>, College Basketball Player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Mark_Lewis" title="Mark Lewis">Mark Lewis</span>, Professional Baseball Player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Joe_Nuxhall" title="Joe Nuxhall">Joe Nuxhall</span>, Professional Baseball Player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Aaron_Cook" title="Aaron Cook">Aaron Cook</span>, Professional Baseball Player<br /> <span href="/wiki/Marty_Brennaman" title="Marty Brennaman">Marty Brennaman</span>, <span href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</span> Hall of Fame Radio Broadcaster<br /> <span href="/wiki/Charles_Richter" title="Charles Richter">Charles Richter</span>, seismologist and creator of the Richter scale<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ray_Combs" title="Ray Combs">Ray Combs</span>, comedian and second host of Family Feud Gameshow<br /> <span href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells" title="William Dean Howells">William Dean Howells</span>, Author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Robert_McCloskey" title="Robert McCloskey">Robert McCloskey</span>, Author<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Nan_Phelps&action=edit" class="new" title="Nan Phelps">Nan Phelps</span> (1904-1990), American Folk Artist<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sean_Holbrook&action=edit" class="new" title="Sean Holbrook">Sean Holbrook</span>, Cincinnati Politician<br /> <span href="/wiki/Mark_Peck" title="Mark Peck">Mark Peck</span>, <span href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</span> <span href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Mehas&action=edit" class="new" title="Mike Mehas">Mike Mehas</span>, musician, musical director of Mike Mehas Orchestra<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Rob_Ervin&action=edit" class="new" title="Rob Ervin">Rob Ervin</span>, singer-songwriter, radio host, and published short-story author<br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Cleves_Symmes%2C_Jr." title="John Cleves Symmes, Jr.">John Cleves Symmes, Jr.</span>, soldier, philosopher<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Vaughn&action=edit" class="new" title="Steve Vaughn">Steve Vaughn</span>, Award Winning Radio Broadcaster<br /> <span href="/wiki/Patricia_Schroeder" title="Patricia Schroeder">Patricia Schroeder</span>, Former member of congress and presidential candidate<br /> <span href="/wiki/Steve_Morse" title="Steve Morse">Steve Morse</span>, guitarist of <span href="/wiki/Dixie_Dregs" title="Dixie Dregs">Dixie Dregs</span> and <span href="/wiki/Deep_Purple" title="Deep Purple">Deep Purple</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Franklin_Howard_Scobey" title="Franklin Howard Scobey">Franklin Howard Scobey</span>, Founder of the <span href="/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</span> <span href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities" title="Fraternities and sororities">Fraternity</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Vaughn&action=edit" class="new" title="Susan Vaughn">Susan Vaughn</span>, contestant on CBS Television's "The Amazing Race 7"<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=J_%22the_Rod%22_Dawg&action=edit" class="new" title="J "the Rod" Dawg">J "the Rod" Dawg</span>, Porn star bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-89577733354222486202008-04-11T09:40:00.001-07:002008-04-11T09:40:40.651-07:00 <b></b><br /> <span id="coordinates" class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</span>: <span class="plainlinksneverexpand"><span href="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)&params=44_56_24.92_N_93_11_36.33_W_" class="external text" title="http://tools.wikimedia.de/~magnus/geo/geohack.php?pagename=University_of_St._Thomas_(Minnesota)&params=44_56_24.92_N_93_11_36.33_W_" rel="nofollow"><span title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span style="white-space:nowrap">44°56′24.92″N,</span> <span style="white-space:nowrap">93°11′36.33″W</span></span></span></span></span><br /> The <b>University of Saint Thomas</b> (also known as <b>UST</b> or simply <b>St. Thomas</b>) is a coeducational <span href="/wiki/Archdiocese" title="Archdiocese">archdiocesan</span> <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</span> institution of higher learning based in <span href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</span>. Founded in 1885 as a Catholic <span href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</span>, it is named after <span href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">St. Thomas Aquinas</span>, a medieval Catholic theologian and philosopher who is the patron saint of learners in the <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</span>. Now a university, it currently enrolls more than 11,000 students, making it Minnesota's largest independent college or university.<br /> Father Dennis Dease became the 14th president of the University of St. Thomas on July 1, 1991.<br /> <span name="Campuses" id="Campuses"></span><br /> <b> Campuses</b><br /> The main campus, built on a farm site once considered "far removed from town," is located where St. Paul's stately Summit Avenue meets the Mississippi River. The site was farmed by ex-Fort Snelling soldier William Finn, who received the property as a pension settlement after he accidentally shot himself in the hand while on guard duty.<br /> The western edge of the campus borders the Mississippi Gorge Regional Park. <span href="/wiki/Summit_Avenue" title="Summit Avenue">Summit Avenue</span>, which runs through the middle of the campus, is the country's longest span of <span href="/wiki/Victorian_architecture" title="Victorian architecture">Victorian</span> homes. This tree-lined avenue includes the Governor's Mansion, <span href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald's</span> townhome, and <span href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill's</span> spectacular mansion.<br /> The 78 acre (316,000 m²) St. Paul campus consists of the original 45 acre (182,000 m²) campus, five acres (20,000 m²) of adjacent properties and 28 acres (113,000 m²) of the St. Paul Seminary campus (informally referred to as the "south" campus) that was transferred in a 1987 affiliation between St. Thomas and the seminary. The beautifully landscaped campus has been used as a setting for two motion pictures.<br /> St. Thomas is currently involved in an aggressive expansion project. The fall of 2005 marked the completion of the expedient 15-month construction of a new apartment-style residence hall. Selby Hall now sits on top of a three level underground parking ramp and houses an additional 400 residents. This is part of a larger plan to develop the land south of Summit Avenue. Recently completed is McNeely Hall, a large classroom building for Business that will replace the small, ineffective building of the same name that sits quietly next door. A new residential village, more parking ramps, and general civil engineering all have been negotiated successfully with the surrounding neighborhood. These developments are expected to begin within the next five years.<br /> In addition, the designing of a new student center is currently in the works as the current student center, Murray-Herrick Center, is out of date and incapable of serving students and staff to the fullest extent. The new student center is slated to be placed on an existing parking lot, hold underground parking, and be large enough to contain a new cafeteria, a ballroom, offices, a gathering area, and other facilities that are currently unavailable or inefficient.<br /> The St. Paul campus is home to most undergraduate students.<br /> <span name="The_Minneapolis_campus" id="The_Minneapolis_campus"></span><br /> <b> The Saint Paul campus</b><br /> In fall 1992, the university opened a permanent, 150,000 square foot (14,000 m²) campus at 1000 LaSalle Ave. The first building, named Terrence Murphy Hall in May 2000, is headquarters to the university's Opus College of Business. Artist Mark Balma created one of the largest frescoes in the United States on the arched ceiling of its atrium. The seven-panel, 1,904 square foot (177 m²) fresco was completed in the summer of 1994 and portrays the seven virtues discussed in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas.<br /> Directly across the street is Opus Hall. The four-story, 100,000 square foot (9,000 m²) building opened in summer 1999 and is home to St. Thomas' School of Education. Connected to Opus Hall is a K-12 magnet school that also opened in 1999.<br /> The University of St. Thomas School of Law began operations in Terrence Murphy Hall in fall 2001; the new School of Law building opened in 2003 and is located on the block south of Terrence Murphy Hall.<br /> Schulze Hall welcomed its first students in September 2005. It is home to the university's Schulze School of Entrepreneurship, which brings together the university's graduate and undergraduate degree programs in entrepreneurship as well as its centers and institutes that provide entrepreneurship-related educational programs and services. It is part of St. Thomas' Opus College of Business, which is headquartered in adjoining Terrence Murphy Hall.<br /> <span name="The_Gainey_Conference_Center_.28Owatonna.29" id="The_Gainey_Conference_Center_.28Owatonna.29"></span><br /> <b> The Minneapolis campus</b><br /> The Gainey Center is located on 180 acres (728,000 m²) in Owatonna just one hour south of the Twin Cities. The conference center and satellite campus was built around the French Norman-style home of the late Daniel C. Gainey who bequeathed the property to the university upon his death in 1979.<br /> <span name="The_Bernardi_campus_.28Rome.29" id="The_Bernardi_campus_.28Rome.29"></span><br /> <b> The Gainey Conference Center (Owatonna)</b><br /> The University of St. Thomas Bernardi Campus is located on the west bank of the Tiber River on Lungotevere delle Armi in Rome, Italy.<br /> Purchased by St. Thomas in November 1999, the Bernardi Campus houses St. Thomas students participating in academic programs and offers guest accommodations for visitors. Situated in the heart of the modern Prati Zone, the campus is near both the center of Rome and Vatican City.<br /> The University of Thomas is the only university in the United States to have a formal affiliation with the <span href="/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_%28Angelicum%29" title="Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas (Angelicum)">Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas</span>, called the "<span href="/wiki/Angelicum" title="Angelicum">Angelicum</span>." The university was founded by the Dominicans in the 16th century.<br /> <span name="History" id="History"></span><br /> <b> The Bernardi campus (Rome)</b><br /> Founded in 1885, St. Thomas began as an all-male, Catholic seminary. <span href="/wiki/John_Ireland_%28archbishop%29" title="John Ireland (archbishop)">John Ireland</span>, <span href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">archbishop of Saint Paul and Minneapolis</span>, started the St. Thomas Aquinas seminary, which became a <span href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">liberal arts college</span> in 1894. A gift from local railroad tycoon <span href="/wiki/James_J._Hill" title="James J. Hill">James J. Hill</span> provided funds to establish the St. Paul Seminary apart from the college. In 1896, college officials made an artificial lake on campus, Lake Mennith, using water from an underground stream. Located in the lower quadrant, the shallow lake dried up in 1922. The College of St. Thomas became a military-based school for undergraduates in 1906 and awarded its first academic degrees in 1910. Before that, the school gave out two-year diplomas in commercial and classical programs. In 1915, the college and St. Thomas Military Academy for high school students split into two institutions and in 1965 the academy moved to <span href="/wiki/Mendota_Heights" title="Mendota Heights">Mendota Heights</span>. The college later dropped its military distinction in 1922.<br /> <span name="Organization" id="Organization"></span><br /> <b> History</b><br /> <span name="Presidents" id="Presidents"></span><br /> <b> Organization</b><br /> <span name="Academics" id="Academics"></span><br /> Father Thomas O'Gorman (1885 – 1887)<br /> Father Edward McSweeney (1887 – 1888)<br /> Father James Keane (1888 – 1892)<br /> <span href="/wiki/James_Byrne_%28Archbishop%29" title="James Byrne (Archbishop)">Father James Byrne</span> (1892 – 1899)<br /> Father John Dolphin (1899 – 1903)<br /> Father Humphrey Moynihan (1903 – 1921)<br /> Father Thomas Cullen (1921 – 1927)<br /> Father John P. Foley (1927 – 1928)<br /> Father Matthew Schumacher (1928 – 1933)<br /> Father James Moynihan (1933 – 1943)<br /> Father Vincent Flynn (1944 – 1956)<br /> Father James P. Shannon (1956 – 1966)<br /> Monsignor Terrence Murphy (1966 – 1991)<br /> Father Dennis Dease (1991 – Present) <img src="http://saintsbaseball.com.ismmedia.com/ISM3/thumbcache/6341acee0751c0aeffe6799aaac5cc91.200.jpg" alt="University of St. Thomas (Minnesota)" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Presidents</b><br /> Each year the university awards almost 2,500 degrees including four different bachelor's degrees (B.A., B.S., B.S.M.E. and B.S.E.E.). There are 88 major fields at the undergraduate level, with 59 minor fields of study and seven pre-professional programs. At the graduate and professional level, the university offers 41 master's degrees, two education specialist, one juris doctor and five doctorates.<br /> The University of St. Thomas is a member of the <span href="/wiki/Associated_Colleges_of_the_Twin_Cities" title="Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities">Associated Colleges of the Twin Cities</span> (ACTC), a consortium of five private liberal arts colleges. Other ACTC members are <span href="/wiki/Augsburg_College" title="Augsburg College">Augsburg</span>, <span href="/wiki/College_of_Saint_Catherine" title="College of Saint Catherine">St. Catherine</span>, <span href="/wiki/Hamline_University" title="Hamline University">Hamline</span> and <span href="/wiki/Macalester_College" title="Macalester College">Macalester</span>. This program allows students to take classes at any of the associated universities as long as the class is not offered at their home university.<br /> <span name="Schools_and_colleges" id="Schools_and_colleges"></span><br /> <b> Academics</b><br /> The university offers its degree programs through nine divisions:<br /> The College of Arts and Sciences includes undergraduate departments in the arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences, plus a number of interdisciplinary programs. Master's-level programs are offered in Art History, Catholic Studies, English, and Music Education.<br /> The Opus College of Business has seven departments offering graduate and undergraduate curricula in an interdisciplinary setting. The college offers nine degree programs at the graduate level including Evening, Full-time and Executive MBAs and a Master in Business Communication. It is home to a variety of centers offering credit and noncredit seminars and a continuing-education program called the Center for Business Excellence.<br /> The St. Paul Seminary School of Divinity offers master's- and doctoral-level degrees oriented to theological study and the practice of ministry. The school also offers a two-year pre-theology program for priesthood candidates who require additional preparation.<br /> The School of Education offers undergraduate courses and curricula for elementary and secondary teacher licensures. Graduate study is offered leading to certificates, master's, educational specialist, and doctoral degrees.<br /> The School of Engineering offers graduate and undergraduate engineering degrees. Located on the St. Paul campus, programs in the college are committed to leadership in engineering and industry, in innovation, and in development of the whole person. They are built upon a firm –foundation of values and global awareness, and embedded in the context of the liberal arts. The college offers bachelor of science degrees in mechanical engineering (B.S.M.E.) and electrical engineering (B.S.E.E.), masters degrees in manufacturing systems engineering (M.M.S.E), manufacturing systems (M.S.M.S.) and technology management (M.S.T.M.) The B.S.M.E. and M.M.S.E. degrees are Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET accredited.<br /> The School of Law was re-opened in 1999 after a 66-year hiatus. The first class of 120 students was accepted in fall 2001.<br /> The School of Social Work offers undergraduate courses and curricula for social work and chemical dependency counseling. The Master of Social Work, offered as a joint degree program with the College of St. Catherine, is designed to provide advanced professional study in social work. Dual-degree programs are offered in cooperation with Luther Seminary, the Department of Theology at the College of St. Catherine, and the St. Paul Seminary School of Divinity.<br /> Master's- and doctoral-level degrees are offered in counseling psychology. A certificate in family psychology also is offered.<br /> These programs offer master's-level programs in software engineering.<br /> <span name="Athletics" id="Athletics"></span><br /> <b>College of Arts and Sciences</b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/Opus_College_of_Business" title="Opus College of Business">Opus College of Business</span></b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Seminary_School_of_Divinity" title="Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity">Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity</span></b><br /> <b>School of Education</b><br /> <b>School of Engineering</b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_School_of_Law" title="University of St. Thomas School of Law">School of Law</span></b><br /> <b>School of Social Work</b><br /> <b>Graduate School of Professional Psychology</b><br /> <b>Graduate Programs in Software Engineering</b> <b> Schools and colleges</b><br /> Athletics have been important at St. Thomas since the institution first opened in 1885. In the first 20 years, intramural baseball teams were quite popular. The Tommies' school colors -- purple and gray -- evolved from the "Blues" and the "Grays," the top intramural baseball teams in the 1890s.<br /> Varsity intercollegiate sports began in 1904, and St. Thomas celebrated its 100th year of varsity athletics in 2003-2004. (Varsity football didn't play during World War II in 1943, thus the 2004 season was the 100th season of varsity football).<span href="http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.asp" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.stthomas.edu/athletics/spirit/default.asp" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> St. Thomas leads the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference in NCAA Division III Team Championships won with 10. Their longtime archrival is <span href="/wiki/College_of_Saint_Benedict/Saint_John%27s_University" title="College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University">St. John's University</span> from <span href="/wiki/Collegeville%2C_Minnesota" title="Collegeville, Minnesota">Collegeville, Minnesota</span>.<br /> The Minneapolis Star Tribune reported in a mid-1990s article that St.Thomas University was considering making a jump to Division I in athletics. Those rumors diminished soon after.<br /> <span name="Accomplishments" id="Accomplishments"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Division_III" title="Division III">NCAA Division III</span><br /> The University of St. Thomas is a member of the <span href="/wiki/Minnesota_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference</span> (MIAC).<br /> The school colors are purple and gray. The team mascot is "Tommie." <b> Athletics</b><br /> <b>2006</b><br /> <b>2005</b><br /> <b>2004</b><br /> <b>2001</b><br /> <b>2000</b><br /> <b>1999</b><br /> <b>1995</b><br /> <b>1996</b><br /> <b>1991</b><br /> <b>1988</b><br /> <b>1987</b><br /> <b>1986</b><br /> <b>1985</b><br /> <b>1984</b><br /> <b>1983</b><br /> <b>1982</b><br /> <span name="Student_housing" id="Student_housing"></span><br /> Women's Softball - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Golf - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Men's Lacrosse National Champions<br /> Men's Hockey - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Softball - National Champions<br /> Women's Softball - National Champions<br /> Men's Baseball - National Champions<br /> Men's Baseball - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Men's Hockey - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Men's Baseball - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Outdoor Track - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Cross Country - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Basketball - National Champions<br /> Women's Cross Country - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Cross Country - National Champions<br /> Men's Cross Country - National Champions<br /> Women's Cross Country - National Champions<br /> Men's Indoor Track - National Champions<br /> Women's Cross Country - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Men's Cross Country - National Champions<br /> Women's Cross Country - National Champions<br /> Women's Cross Country - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Outdoor Track - 2nd in the Nation<br /> Women's Cross Country - National Champions <b> Accomplishments</b><br /> Undergraduate housing is found on the St. Paul Campus. Approximately 2400 residents live in 7 traditional halls, traditional apartment residences, quasi-on-campus apartment residence, 3 university-owned specialty houses, and the undergraduate residence for St. John Vianney Seminary. All traditional halls are single-sex, while apartment residences are single-sex by floor.<br /> Each hall is governed and supported by its own hall council, which is part of a larger student organization called the <span href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St._Thomas_Residence_Hall_Association&action=edit" class="new" title="University of St. Thomas Residence Hall Association">Residence Hall Association</span>. Hall councils plan activities and events in their own hall and support larger resident-based programming on campus. RHA as a whole deals with resident issues and serves as a liaison between residents and the larger university community.<br /> <span name="Traditional_halls" id="Traditional_halls"></span><br /> <b> Student housing</b><br /> <b>Brady Hall</b><br /> <b><span href="/wiki/Cretin_Hall" title="Cretin Hall">Cretin Hall</span></b><br /> <b>Dowling Hall</b><br /> <b>Grace Hall</b><br /> <b>Ireland Hall</b><br /> <b>John Paul II (JPII) Hall</b><br /> <b>Murray Hall</b><br /> The University of St. Thomas offers what they call special interest floors, or floors that are intended to house specific residents. Almost one third of all floors are First Year Experience floors, which consist of only freshmen. This is a nationwide practice that attempts to create a cohesive community by placing students together that will have a similar experience. UST also has a few FYE Weekend Activities floors, a newly created Catholic Women's floor, the Changing Faces of Minnesota floors, the Women in Math & Science floor, and a couple Substance Free floors.<br /> <span name="Apartment_complexes" id="Apartment_complexes"></span><br /> Built in 1967 and named in honor of <span href="/wiki/William_O._Brady" title="William O. Brady">Archbishop William O. Brady</span> Brady Hall is the largest male residence hall on campus.<br /> Built in 1894, designed by famed architect <span href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</span>, and named in honor of the first Bishop of St. Paul, <span href="/wiki/Joseph_Cretin" title="Joseph Cretin">Joseph Cretin</span><br /> Built in 1959 and named in honor of <span href="/wiki/Austin_Dowling" title="Austin Dowling">Archbishop Austin Dowling</span><br /> Built in 1913, designed by famed architect <span href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</span>, and named in honor of the second Bishop of St. Paul, <span href="/wiki/Thomas_Grace" title="Thomas Grace">Thomas Grace</span><br /> Built in 1912 and named in honor of the first Archbishop of St. Paul and founder of the school, <span href="/wiki/John_Ireland_%28archbishop%29" title="John Ireland (archbishop)">John Ireland</span><br /> Built in 1978 and named in honor of <span href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</span><br /> Built in 1978 as the first female hall on campus and named in honor of <span href="/wiki/John_Murray_%28archbishop%29" title="John Murray (archbishop)">Archbishop John Murray</span> <b> Apartment complexes</b><br /> <span name="Seminaries" id="Seminaries"></span><br /> Common Ground<br /> The Wellness House<br /> Child Development Center Housing<br /> Castel Milano (Catholic Studies Men's House established in Fall 2005, name relating to the house patron Saint Augustine who had his conversion in Milan<br /> Castel Oropa (The Second Catholic Studies Men's House established in Fall 2006, name relating to place where house patron Blessed Pier Giorgo Frassati would literally run to mass every morning) <b> Specialty houses and buildings</b><br /> <span name="Film_and_movies" id="Film_and_movies"></span><br /> St. John Vianney College Seminary (SJV)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Seminary_School_of_Divinity" title="Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity">Saint Paul Seminary School of Divinity</span> (SPS) <b> Film and movies</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Larry_Bond" title="Larry Bond">Larry Bond</span> - Game designer and author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Dottie_Cannon" title="Dottie Cannon">Dottie Cannon</span> - <span href="/wiki/Miss_Minnesota_USA" title="Miss Minnesota USA">Miss Minnesota USA</span> 2006<br /> <span href="/wiki/Tom_Dooher" title="Tom Dooher">Tom Dooher</span>, President, <span href="/wiki/Education_Minnesota" title="Education Minnesota">Education Minnesota</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Vince_Flynn" title="Vince Flynn">Vince Flynn</span> - Author<br /> <span href="/wiki/Jim_Oberstar" title="Jim Oberstar">Jim Oberstar</span> - U.S. Congressman<br /> <span href="/wiki/Will_Steger" title="Will Steger">Will Steger</span> - Polar explorer<br /> <span href="/wiki/John_Vachon" title="John Vachon">John Vachon</span> - Photographer<br /> <span href="/wiki/Ann_Winblad" title="Ann Winblad">Ann Winblad</span> - Venture Capitalist<br /> <span href="/wiki/Emily_Carlson" title="Emily Carlson">Emily Carlson</span> - Anchor/Reporter<br /> William Easton - Today's Groom Magazine Co-Founder<br /> Jacob Schraufnagel - Today's Groom Magazine Co-Founder<br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Hoffman&action=edit" class="new" title="Michael J. Hoffman">Michael J. Hoffman</span> - CEO, The Toro Company bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-73802987042017289802008-04-10T08:08:00.001-07:002008-04-10T08:08:51.810-07:00 <b></b><br /> <i>Scripting redirects here. For other uses, see <span href="/wiki/Script" title="Script">script</span>.</i><br /> <b>Scripting languages</b> (commonly called <b>scripting programming languages</b> or <b>script languages</b>) are computer <span href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</span> that are typically <span href="/wiki/Interpreter_%28computing%29" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreted</span> and can be typed directly from a keyboard. Thus, scripts are often distinguished from <i>programs,</i> because programs are converted permanently into <span href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</span> <span href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable files</span> (i.e., zeros and ones) before they are run. Scripts remain in their original form and are interpreted command-by-command each time they are run. Scripts were created to shorten the traditional edit-<span href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compile</span>-<span href="/wiki/Linker" title="Linker">link</span>-run process. The name 'script' is derived from the written script of the <span href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</span>, in which dialogue is set down to be interpreted by actors and actresses--the programs. Early script languages were often called <i>batch languages</i> or <i>job control languages</i>. Scripting languages can also be compiled, but because interpreters are simpler to write than compilers, they are interpreted more often than they are compiled.<br /> The term <i>scripting language</i> is not technical, though embedding and dependence on a larger system are usually criteria. In computer games, scripts extend game logic, tailoring the <span href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engine</span> to particular game data. Scripts also make applications programmable from within, so that repetitive tasks can be quickly automated. Of course, not every scripting system that grows beyond its original design and delegation acquires a new name. Full-blown in-game languages such as <span href="/wiki/UnrealScript" title="UnrealScript">UnrealScript</span> exist, and <span href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</span> is a very influential standard, supported by virtually every browser on the market.<br /> <span name="Description" id="Description"></span><br /> <b> Description</b><br /> <span name="Job_control_languages_and_shells" id="Job_control_languages_and_shells"></span><br /> <b> Types of scripting languages</b><br /> <br /> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <span href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">Shell script</span></i> <b> Job control languages and shells</b><br /> With the advent of <span href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</span> came a specialized kind of scripting language for controlling a computer. These languages interact with the same graphic windows, menus, buttons, and so on that a system generates. These languages are typically used to automate repetitive actions or configure a standard state. In principle, they could be used to control any application running on a GUI-based computer; but, in practice, the support for such languages depend on the application and <span href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</span>. Such languages are also called "<span href="/wiki/Macro#Macro_languages" title="Macro">macro languages</span>" when control is through keyboard interaction.<br /> <span name="Application-specific_languages" id="Application-specific_languages"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/AutoHotkey" title="AutoHotkey">AutoHotkey</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/AutoIt" title="AutoIt">AutoIt</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Expect" title="Expect">Expect</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Automator_%28software%29" title="Automator (software)">Automator</span> <img src="http://livedocs.adobe.com/flex/15/flex_docs_en/images/introa3.jpg" alt="Scripting programming language" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> GUI Scripting</b><br /> Many large application programs include an idiomatic scripting language tailored to the needs of the application user. Likewise, many <span href="/wiki/Computer_game" title="Computer game">computer game</span> systems use a custom scripting language to express the programmed actions of <span href="/wiki/Non-player_character" title="Non-player character">non-player characters</span> and the game environment. Languages of this sort are designed for a single application; and, while they may superficially resemble a specific general-purpose language (e.g. QuakeC, modeled after C), they have custom features that distinguish them.<br /> <span name="Web_programming_languages" id="Web_programming_languages"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Action_Code_Script" title="Action Code Script">Action Code Script</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/AutoLISP" title="AutoLISP">AutoLISP</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=BlobbieScript&action=edit" class="new" title="BlobbieScript">BlobbieScript</span><span href="http://www.wocmud.org/Carnage/blobbieScript/" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.wocmud.org/Carnage/blobbieScript/" rel="nofollow">[1]</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Emacs_Lisp" title="Emacs Lisp">Emacs Lisp</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Game_Maker_Language" title="Game Maker Language">Game Maker Language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/HyperTalk" title="HyperTalk">HyperTalk</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/IPTSCRAE" title="IPTSCRAE">IPTSCRAE</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lingo_%28programming_language%29" title="Lingo (programming language)">Lingo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/LotusScript" title="LotusScript">LotusScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=MAXScript&action=edit" class="new" title="MAXScript">MAXScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Maya_Embedded_Language" title="Maya Embedded Language">Maya Embedded Language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/MIRC_Scripting_Language" title="MIRC Scripting Language">mIRC script</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/NWscript" title="NWscript">NWscript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/QuakeC" title="QuakeC">QuakeC</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/UnrealScript" title="UnrealScript">UnrealScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Vim_%28text_editor%29#Vim_script" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim Scripting Language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">Visual Basic for Applications</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/ZZT-oop" title="ZZT-oop">ZZT-oop</span> <b> Application-specific languages</b><br /> An important type of application-specific scripting language is one used to provide custom functionality to <span href="/wiki/Dynamic_web_page" title="Dynamic web page">dynamic web pages</span>. Such languages are specialized for <span href="/wiki/Web_applications" title="Web applications">web applications</span> and other Internet uses. However, most modern web programming languages are powerful enough for general-purpose programming.<br /> <span name="Server-side" id="Server-side"></span><br /> <b> Web programming languages</b><br /> <span name="Client-side" id="Client-side"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">Active Server Pages</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Java_Server_Pages" title="Java Server Pages">Java Server Pages</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/ColdFusion" title="ColdFusion">ColdFusion</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/IPTSCRAE" title="IPTSCRAE">IPTSCRAE</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lasso_%28programming_language%29" title="Lasso (programming language)">Lasso</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/MIVA_Script" title="MIVA Script">MIVA Script</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/SMX" title="SMX">SMX</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</span> <b> Server-side</b><br /> <span name="Text_processing_languages" id="Text_processing_languages"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</span> <b> Text processing languages</b><br /> Some languages, such as Perl, began as scripting languages but were developed into programming languages suitable for broader purposes. Other similar languages -- frequently interpreted, memory-managed, or <span href="/wiki/Dynamic_language" title="Dynamic language">dynamic</span> -- have been described as "scripting languages" for these similarities, even if they are more commonly used for applications programming. They are usually <i>not</i> called "scripting languages" by their own users.<br /> <span name="Extension.2Fembeddable_languages" id="Extension.2Fembeddable_languages"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/APL_%28programming_language%29" title="APL (programming language)">APL</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Boo_%28programming_language%29" title="Boo (programming language)">Boo</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Dylan_%28programming_language%29" title="Dylan (programming language)">Dylan</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ferite" title="Ferite">Ferite</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Groovy_%28programming_language%29" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Io_%28programming_language%29" title="Io (programming language)">Io</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lisp_%28programming_language%29" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lua_%28programming_language%29" title="Lua (programming language)">Lua</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/MUMPS" title="MUMPS">MUMPS</span> (M)<br /> <span href="/wiki/NewLISP" title="NewLISP">newLISP</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Nuva&action=edit" class="new" title="Nuva">Nuva</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29" title="Python (programming language)">Python</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Scheme_%28programming_language%29" title="Scheme (programming language)">Scheme</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Smalltalk_%28programming_language%29" title="Smalltalk (programming language)">Smalltalk</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/SuperCard" title="SuperCard">SuperCard</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</span> (Tool command language)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Runtime_Revolution" title="Runtime Revolution">Revolution</span> <img src="http://img145.imageshack.us/img145/7167/code5je.jpg" alt="Scripting programming language" align="center" style="padding:10px" /> <b> General-purpose dynamic languages</b><br /> A number of languages have been designed for the purpose of replacing application-specific scripting languages by being embeddable in application programs. The application programmer (working in C or another systems language) includes "hooks" where the scripting language can control the application. These languages serve the same purpose as application-specific extension languages but with the advantage of allowing some transfer of skills from application to application.<br /> JavaScript began as and primarily still is a language for scripting inside of <span href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</span>; however, the standardization of the language as <span href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</span> has made it popular as a general purpose embeddable language. In particular, the <span href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</span> implementation <span href="/wiki/SpiderMonkey" title="SpiderMonkey">SpiderMonkey</span> is embedded in several environments such as the <span href="/wiki/Yahoo%21_Widget_Engine" title="Yahoo! Widget Engine">Yahoo! Widget Engine</span>. Other applications embedding ECMAScript implementations include the <span href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</span> products <span href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</span> (<span href="/wiki/ActionScript" title="ActionScript">ActionScript</span>) and <span href="/wiki/Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</span> (for scripting <span href="/wiki/Pdf" title="Pdf">pdf</span> files).<br /> Tcl was created as an extension language but has come to be used more frequently as a general purpose language in roles similar to Python, Perl, and Ruby.<br /> <span name="Others" id="Others"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ch_interpreter" title="Ch interpreter">Ch</span> (C/C++ interpreter)<br /> <span href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">ECMAScript</span> a.k.a. <span href="/wiki/DMDScript" title="DMDScript">DMDScript</span>, <span href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</span>, <span href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=EOS_Scripting_Language&action=edit" class="new" title="EOS Scripting Language">EOS Scripting Language</span><br /> <span href="http://www.falconpl.org/" class="external text" title="http://www.falconpl.org/" rel="nofollow">Falcon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ferite" title="Ferite">Ferite</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/GameMonkey_Script" title="GameMonkey Script">GameMonkeyScript</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Guile_programming_language" title="Guile programming language">Guile</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/ICI_programming_language" title="ICI programming language">ICI</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Lua_programming_language" title="Lua programming language">Lua</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Pawn_%28programming_language%29" title="Pawn (programming language)">Pawn</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29" title="Python (programming language)">Python</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/RBScript" title="RBScript">RBScript</span> (REALbasic Script)<br /> <span href="/wiki/Squirrel_programming_language" title="Squirrel programming language">Squirrel</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Tcl" title="Tcl">Tcl</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Windows_PowerShell" title="Windows PowerShell">Windows PowerShell</span><br /> <span href="/w/index.php?title=Z-Script&action=edit" class="new" title="Z-Script">Z-Script</span> <b> Others</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">List of programming languages</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Domain-specific_programming_language" title="Domain-specific programming language">Domain-specific programming language</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Macro" title="Macro">Macro</span> and <span href="/wiki/Preprocessor" title="Preprocessor">preprocessor</span> languages<br /> <span href="/wiki/Web_template#Template_languages" title="Web template">Web template languages</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Ousterhout%27s_dichotomy" title="Ousterhout's dichotomy">Ousterhout's dichotomy</span> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-29425867555813477482008-04-09T07:58:00.001-07:002008-04-09T07:58:39.034-07:00<img src="http://thecia.com.au/reviews/v/images/van-wilder-2-the-rise-of-taj-4.jpg" alt="Van Wilder" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Taglines</b><br /> Van Wilder is an outgoing, friendly, and extremely popular student who has been at Coolidge College for seven years. For the past three years he has made no effort to graduate, instead spending his time organizing parties and fundraisers, doing charity work, helping other students, and posing for figure drawing classes. But after seven years, with no return on his investment, Van's father decides it is time to cut his losses and stops paying Van's tuition. Instead of leaving, however, Van decides to find some other way to pay his way through the rest of college.<br /> Meanwhile Gwen Pearson, a star reporter for the student newspaper, is asked to do an article on Van. It proves to be so popular that she is asked to write a follow-up article for the front page of the graduation issue. Although that would be a big win, she is rather put off when Van interprets her attempts to schedule interviews as romantic advances — especially because she already has a boyfriend. Gwen's boyfriend, Richard Bagg, happens to be the president of the student union, and the leader of a fraternity. He takes personal offense at Wilder's attempts to steal his girlfriend, and becomes very stressed out at having to deal with this burden on top of preparing for medical school and leading the Delta Iota Kappa (DIK) fraternity. Subsquently, a rivalry develops between the two men.<br /> The rivalry grows as they perform increasingly disgusting pranks on each other. For instance, one scene involves Richard inviting Van over to a dinner with him and Gwen's family to prove a point about Van's lackadaisical attitude towards life (in which Gwen's parents are only pleased by Van's easy-going attitude, and Gwen, increasingly turned off by Richard's stress, only feels that Richard's actions were too under-handed.) In one infamous scene, Van and his friends replace the cream inside some pastries with dog semen and send them to Richard's fraternity, where the frat brothers begin eating and don't realize what it really is until it's too late.<br /> At one point, Richard also sleeps with another woman from a sister sorority, which would be the final straw for Gwen later on. Richard also sets up Van at one of his own parties in which there are some (very) underage drinkers and reports it to the police, which leads to Van being almost expulsed. However, Van proposes an alternative punishment: that the school force him to complete a semester's worth of work in the six days remaining, and then graduate. The committee agrees to this by a three-to-two decision.<br /> Gwen is pleased that Van is taking the initiative to get his life together; also, to get back at Richard's liaison earlier, on the day of an interview with <span href="/wiki/Northwestern_Medical_School" title="Northwestern Medical School">Northwestern Medical School</span>, immediately after a grueling exam, she laces the protein shake he enjoyed that morning with a laxative. Since there are no bathroom breaks allowed during the test, Richard has to hurry through the 2-hour exam in 20 minutes, "dialing down the middle" towards the end and disgusting the other test-takers with flatulence. Afterwards, before he can reach the bathroom, he unexpectedly runs into the medical school interview committee, and ends up defecating into a trash can right in front of them. He is briefly seen again in the film, reading Gwen's article in the school paper in the bathroom (presumably, his medical school dreams are ruined, as he mentions to Van in a deleted scene). Meanwhile, Van Wilder does well on his finals and celebrates his graduation with Gwen.<br /> A side story of the film depicts the saga of Taj, an Indian foreign exchange student who is accepted (out of many "talented" applicants) to be Van's personal assistant. The main reason for his application for this position, Taj explains, is he wants to have sex with an American girl before he goes home. He meets a girl named Naomi, and Van pushes Taj to go for her ("Naomi- that's 'I moan' backwards," Van explains) but Taj accidentally sets himself on fire with massage oil. At the end of a movie, Taj meets another Indian girl, and it seems like they are going to hit it off.<br /> <span name="Cast" id="Cast"></span><br /> <img src="http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/760540.jpg%3Fv%3D1%26c%3DViewImages%26k%3D2%26d%3D17A4AD9FDB9CF193875DCB1DD8387ABBEB48524BDCAD1F38284831B75F48EF45" alt="Van Wilder" align="left" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Plot synopsis</b><br /> <span name="DVD_release.28s.29" id="DVD_release.28s.29"></span><br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Ryan_Reynolds" title="Ryan Reynolds">Ryan Reynolds</span></i> as Vance "Van" Wilder Jr.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Tara_Reid" title="Tara Reid">Tara Reid</span></i> as Gwendolyn "Gwen" Elizabeth Pearson<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Kal_Penn" title="Kal Penn">Kal Penn</span></i> as Taj Mahal Badalandabad<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Paul_Gleason" title="Paul Gleason">Paul Gleason</span></i> as Professor McDougal<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Tim_Matheson" title="Tim Matheson">Tim Matheson</span></i> as Vance Wilder Sr.<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Daniel_Cosgrove" title="Daniel Cosgrove">Daniel Cosgrove</span></i> as Richard "Dick" Bagg<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Teck_Holmes" title="Teck Holmes">Teck Holmes</span></i> as Hutch<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Emily_Rutherfurd" title="Emily Rutherfurd">Emily Rutherfurd</span></i> as Jeannie<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Tom_Everett_Scott" title="Tom Everett Scott">Tom Everett Scott</span></i> as Elliot Grebb (uncredited)<br /> <i><span href="/wiki/Deon_Richmond" title="Deon Richmond">Deon Richmond</span></i> as "Mini Cochran"<br /> <i>Alex Burns</i> as Gordon <b> Cast</b><br /> <i>Van Wilder</i> was released by <span href="/wiki/Artisan_Entertainment" title="Artisan Entertainment">Artisan Entertainment</span> on <span href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</span> and <span href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</span> on <span href="/wiki/August_20" title="August 20">August 20</span>, <span href="/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</span>. The DVD was presented in rated and unrated editions, both editions containing a cropped <span href="/wiki/Full-frame" title="Full-frame">full-frame</span> transfer, and a <span href="/wiki/Widescreen" title="Widescreen">widescreen</span> version in its original 1.85:1 aspect ratio. The two-disc set also contained interactive topless menus featuring model <span href="/wiki/Ivana_Bozilovic" title="Ivana Bozilovic">Ivana Bozilovic</span>, who is "Naomi" in the film. With each new menu, she would take her shirt off and put another shirt on with different options on it. Bonuses included deleted scenes, outtakes, three Burly Bear TV specials, a <span href="/wiki/Comedy_Central" title="Comedy Central">Comedy Central</span>: Reel Comedy TV special, "Bouncing Off the Walls" music video performed by <span href="/wiki/Sugarcult" title="Sugarcult">Sugarcult</span>, <span href="/wiki/Theatrical_trailer" title="Theatrical trailer">trailers</span> and other promotional material like television ads and poster art.<br /> On <span href="/wiki/November_28" title="November 28">November 28</span>, <span href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</span>, in a way of promoting the sequel to <i>Van Wilder</i>, <i><span href="/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder:_The_Rise_of_Taj" title="National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj">National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj</span></i>, <span href="/wiki/Lions_Gate" title="Lions Gate">Lions Gate</span> Home Entertainment released a 2-disc special edition DVD with new bonus features including a "Drunken Idiot <span href="/wiki/Audio_commentary" title="Audio commentary">Kommentary</span>" (featuring three young men who are not actually involved in the film), behind-the-scenes footage and interviews with the cast and crew. The re-release did not include the topless menus from the previous set.<br /> <span name="Music" id="Music"></span><br /> <b> DVD release(s)</b><br /> Featured in the film are songs by <span href="/wiki/The_Living_End" title="The Living End">The Living End</span>, <span href="/wiki/Jimmy_Eat_World" title="Jimmy Eat World">Jimmy Eat World</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sum_41" title="Sum 41">Sum 41</span>, <span href="/wiki/Abandoned_Pools" title="Abandoned Pools">Abandoned Pools</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sugarcult" title="Sugarcult">Sugarcult</span>, <span href="/wiki/N.E.R.D." title="N.E.R.D.">N.E.R.D.</span>, <span href="/wiki/American_Hi-Fi" title="American Hi-Fi">American Hi-Fi</span>, <span href="/wiki/Zero_7" title="Zero 7">Zero 7</span>'s <span href="/wiki/Sia_Furler" title="Sia Furler">Sia Furler</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Swirl_360" title="Swirl 360">Swirl 360</span>. Some artists with songs left off of the the soundtrack included <span href="/wiki/Atomic_Kitten" title="Atomic Kitten">Atomic Kitten</span>, <span href="/wiki/Sprung_Monkey" title="Sprung Monkey">Sprung Monkey</span>, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Bird_3&action=edit" class="new" title="Bird 3">Bird 3</span>, <span href="/wiki/Spymob" title="Spymob">Spymob</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Tahiti_80" title="Tahiti 80">Tahiti 80</span>.<br /> <span href="/wiki/Artemis_Records" title="Artemis Records">Artemis Records</span> released the <span href="/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder_%28Soundtrack%29" title="National Lampoon's Van Wilder (Soundtrack)">official soundtrack</span>, though the tracklisting does not exactly match the lineup heard in the movie. It omits the <span href="/w/index.php?title=Sugarbomb&action=edit" class="new" title="Sugarbomb">Sugarbomb</span> song "Hello".<br /> <span name="Box_office_totals" id="Box_office_totals"></span><br /> <b> Box office totals</b><br /> <span name="External_links" id="External_links"></span><br /> <span href="/wiki/National_Lampoon" title="National Lampoon">National Lampoon</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/National_Lampoon%27s_Van_Wilder:_The_Rise_of_Taj" title="National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj">National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj</span><br /> <span href="/wiki/Johnny_Lechner" title="Johnny Lechner">Johnny Lechner</span> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-70051747608740283972008-04-08T08:41:00.001-07:002008-04-08T08:41:59.885-07:00 <b></b><br /> In <span href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</span> and <span href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</span>, the <b>log-normal distribution</b> is the <span href="/wiki/Probability_distribution" title="Probability distribution">probability distribution</span> of any <span href="/wiki/Random_variable" title="Random variable">random variable</span> whose <span href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</span> is <span href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normally distributed</span>. If <i>Y</i> is a random variable with a normal distribution, then <i>X</i> = <span href="/wiki/Exponential_function" title="Exponential function">exp</span>(<i>Y</i>) has a log-normal distribution; likewise, if <i>X</i> is log-normally distributed, then log(<i>X</i>) is normally distributed.<br /> "Log-normal" is also written "log normal" or "lognormal".<br /> A variable might be modeled as log-normal if it can be thought of as the multiplicative <span href="/wiki/Mathematical_product" title="Mathematical product">product</span> of many small independent factors. For example the long-term return rate on a stock investment can be considered to be the product of the daily return rates.<br /> <span name="Characterization" id="Characterization"></span><br /> <b> Characterization</b><br /> The log-normal distribution has the <span href="/wiki/Probability_density_function" title="Probability density function">probability density function</span><br /> <img class="tex" alt="f(x;mu,sigma) = frac{e^{-(ln x - mu)^2/(2sigma^2)}}{x sigma sqrt{2 pi}}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/3/7/1/371418813ae6c9e52069fcbd0d6d215e.png" /><br /> for <span class="texhtml"><i>x</i> > 0</span>, where <span class="texhtml">μ</span> and <span class="texhtml">σ</span> are the <span href="/wiki/Mean" title="Mean">mean</span> and <span href="/wiki/Standard_deviation" title="Standard deviation">standard deviation</span> of the variable's <span href="/wiki/Logarithm" title="Logarithm">logarithm</span> (by definition, the variable's logarithm is normally distributed).<br /> <span name="Cumulative_distribution_function" id="Cumulative_distribution_function"></span><br /> <b> Probability density function</b><br /> <img class="tex" alt="frac{1}{2}+frac{1}{2} mathrm{erf}left[frac{ln(x)-mu}{sigmasqrt{2}}right>" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/5/3/253b03515b12e5affd383a2c2f022145.png" /]<br /> <span name="Moment_generating_function" id="Moment_generating_function"></span><br /> <b> Cumulative distribution function</b><br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu_k=e^{kmu+k^2sigma^2/2}." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/4/b/64b65e1971d1184625dc470806aa1351.png" /><br /> <span name="Properties" id="Properties"></span><br /> <b> Properties</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Expected_value" title="Expected value">expected value</span> is<br /> <img class="tex" alt="mathrm{E}(X) = e^{mu + sigma^2/2}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/0/3/603549cbf1e5b1022f247691b31e9fc5.png" /><br /> and the <span href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</span> is<br /> <img class="tex" alt="mathrm{Var}(X) = (e^{sigma^2} - 1) e^{2mu + sigma^2}.," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/7/0e77ad206697c349addbe75be146c8c9.png" /><br /> Equivalent relationships may be written to obtain <span class="texhtml">μ</span> and <span class="texhtml">σ</span> given the expected value and standard deviation:<br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu = ln(mathrm{E}(X))-frac{1}{2}lnleft(1+frac{mathrm{Var}(X)}{(mathrm{E}(X))^2}right)," src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/c/c/a/ccac121ca39be471dbf26ccee1e493ed.png" /><br /> <img class="tex" alt="sigma^2 = lnleft(1+frac{mathrm{Var}(X)}{(mathrm{E}(X))^2}right)." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/d/2/9d2c602a8c828c8665c8f70abf6ad7d7.png" /><br /> <span name="Geometric_mean_and_geometric_standard_deviation" id="Geometric_mean_and_geometric_standard_deviation"></span><br /> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Lognormal_distribution_PDF.png/325px-Lognormal_distribution_PDF.png" alt="Log-normal distribution" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> Mean and standard deviation</b><br /> The <span href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric mean</span> of the log-normal distribution is exp(μ), and the <span href="/wiki/Geometric_standard_deviation" title="Geometric standard deviation">geometric standard deviation</span> is equal to exp(σ).<br /> If a sample of data is determined to come from a log-normally distributed population, the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation may be used to estimate <span href="/wiki/Confidence_intervals" title="Confidence intervals">confidence intervals</span> akin to the way the <span href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">arithmetic mean</span> and standard deviation are used to estimate confidence intervals for a normally distributed sample of data.<br /> Where geometric mean <span class="texhtml">μ<sub>geo</sub> = exp(μ)</span> and geometric standard deviation <span class="texhtml">σ<sub>geo</sub> = exp(σ)</span><br /> <span name="Moments" id="Moments"></span><br /> <b> Geometric mean and geometric standard deviation</b><br /> The first few raw <span href="/wiki/Moment_%28mathematics%29" title="Moment (mathematics)">moments</span> are:<br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu_1=e^{mu+sigma^2/2}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/0/6/20669db731a9bd2819ea3019d4e256a9.png" /><br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu_2=e^{2mu+4sigma^2/2}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/1/1/5/1158217638bf9fcceff9ff6a8d04f111.png" /><br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu_3=e^{3mu+9sigma^2/2}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/e/4/2e4e0bcd62881f7d2086c307a77f4bdd.png" /><br /> <img class="tex" alt="mu_4=e^{4mu+16sigma^2/2}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/d/d/c/ddc20f7cc9e2ea9799098d74f5ac0f7c.png" /><br /> <span name="Partial_expectation" id="Partial_expectation"></span><br /> <b> Moments</b><br /> The partial expectation of a random variable <span class="texhtml"><i>X</i></span> with respect to a threshold <span class="texhtml"><i>k</i></span> is defined as<br /> <img class="tex" alt="g(k)=int_k^infty x f(x), dx" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/7/7/2/7720bff45495b511911a0cf6de65355e.png" /><br /> where <span class="texhtml"><i>f</i>(<i>x</i>)</span> is the density. For a lognormal density it can be shown that<br /> <img class="tex" alt="g(k)=exp(mu+sigma^2/2)Phileft(frac{-ln(k)+mu+sigma^2}{sigma}right)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/2/e/f/2ef3d21b56b11d68c64b581334b64b4f.png" /><br /> where <span class="texhtml">Φ</span> is the <span href="/wiki/Cumulative_distribution_function" title="Cumulative distribution function">cumulative distribution function</span> of the standard normal. The partial expectation of a lognormal has applications in insurance and in economics (for example it can be used to derive the <span href="/wiki/Black-Scholes_formula" title="Black-Scholes formula">Black-Scholes formula</span>).<br /> <span name="Maximum_likelihood_estimation_of_parameters" id="Maximum_likelihood_estimation_of_parameters"></span><br /> <b> Partial expectation</b><br /> For determining the <span href="/wiki/Maximum_likelihood" title="Maximum likelihood">maximum likelihood</span> estimators of the log-normal distribution parameters μ and σ, we can use the <span href="/wiki/Normal_distribution#Maximum_likelihood_estimation_of_parameters" title="Normal distribution">same procedure</span> as for the <span href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</span>. To avoid repetition, we observe that<br /> <img class="tex" alt="f_L (x;mu, sigma) = frac 1 x , f_N (ln x; mu, sigma)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/4/c/9/4c9c5cd34bc2c3bcd95a54f5943361f2.png" /><br /> where by <img class="tex" alt="f_L (cdot)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/d/a/eda95949db70f0b3b49384dee963b5cb.png" /> we denote the density probability function of the log-normal distribution and by <img class="tex" alt="f_N (cdot)" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/0/e/d/0eda9a06cd5a9044b567e7cb266cc749.png" />—that of the normal distribution. Therefore, using the same indices to denote distributions, we can write the log-likelihood function thus:<br /> <img class="tex" alt="begin{matrix}<br /> ell_L (mu,sigma | x_1, x_2, dots, x_n)<br /> & = & - sum _k ln x_k + ell_N (mu, sigma | ln x_1, ln x_2, dots, ln x_n) = <br /> & = & operatorname {constant} + ell_N (mu, sigma | ln x_1, ln x_2, dots, ln x_n).<br /> end{matrix}" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/f/a/8/fa858b5f70cb9be6fb357b00952673d6.png" /><br /> Since the first term is constant with regards to μ and σ, both logarithmic likelihood functions, <img class="tex" alt="ell_L" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/6/5/3/6530ba3cd455ecf2dac2e1cf82664c67.png" /> and <img class="tex" alt="ell_N" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/a/c/e/ace3cd4a0197008a2072a4b1f47a1521.png" />, reach their maximum with the same μ and σ. Hence, using the formulas for the normal distribution maximum likelihood parameter estimators and the equality above, we deduce that for the log-normal distribution it holds that<br /> <img class="tex" alt="widehat mu = frac {sum_k ln x_k} n, <br /> widehat sigma^2 = frac {sum_k {left( ln x_k - widehat mu right)^2}} n." src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/9/a/4/9a466f67f656fffc255e00886a8c7e1e.png" /><br /> <span name="Related_distributions" id="Related_distributions"></span><br /> <b> Related distributions</b><br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> Robert Brooks, Jon Corson, and <span href="/wiki/Jimbo_Wales" title="Jimbo Wales">J. Donal Wales</span>. <span href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5735" class="external text" title="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5735" rel="nofollow">"The Pricing of Index Options When the Underlying Assets All Follow a Lognormal Diffusion"</span>, in <i>Advances in Futures and Options Research</i>, volume 7, 1994. bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-87255980700694208692008-04-07T08:48:00.001-07:002008-04-07T08:48:56.750-07:00<img src="http://www.taypearls.co.uk/Scone%2520Palace%2520,%2520Perth.jpg" alt="Scone Palace" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b></b><br /> <b>Scone Palace</b> (pronounced <i>skoon</i>) is a Category A <span href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</span> <span href="/wiki/Historic_houses_in_Scotland" title="Historic houses in Scotland">historic house</span> at <span href="/wiki/Scone%2C_Perth_and_Kinross" title="Scone, Perth and Kinross">Scone</span>, near <span href="/wiki/Perth%2C_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</span>, <span href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</span>. It was constructed (by recasting a 16th century palace) in 1808 for the <span href="/wiki/Earl_of_Mansfield_and_Mansfield" title="Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield">Earls of Mansfield</span> by <span href="/wiki/William_Atkinson" title="William Atkinson">William Atkinson</span>. Built of <span href="/wiki/Red_sandstone" title="Red sandstone">red sandstone</span> with a castellated roof, it is a classic example of the late <span href="/wiki/Georgian_period_in_British_history" title="Georgian period in British history">Georgian</span> <span href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</span> style.<br /> In the <span href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</span> the land was the site of a major <span href="/wiki/Augustinian" title="Augustinian">Augustinian</span> abbey, <span href="/wiki/Scone_Abbey" title="Scone Abbey">Scone Abbey</span> (nothing now remains above ground level), the crowning-place of the <span href="/wiki/Kings_of_the_Scots" title="Kings of the Scots">Kings of the Scots</span> (on the <span href="/wiki/Stone_of_Scone" title="Stone of Scone">Stone of Destiny</span>) down to <span href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</span>.<br /> <span name="Scone_Abbey" id="Scone_Abbey"></span><br /> <b> Scone Abbey</b><br /> Presently on view in the state rooms of Scone Palace are fine collections of furniture, ceramics, ivories, and clocks. Some of the prized contents of Scone Palace are <span href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</span> chairs by <span href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Bara&action=edit" class="new" title="Pierre Bara">Pierre Bara</span>, and <span href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</span> and <span href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</span> porcelains. The gardens and grounds are also open to the public. The gardens of Scone feature Moot Hill, the mound was said to have been created by pilgrims each carrying a bootful of soil to the site in a gesture of fealty to the king. A replica of the Stone of Scone sits on Moot Hill, where coronations occurred. Elsewhere in the garden, there is a modern day maze created of hedges.<br /> The grounds of the Palace are the best-known breeding locality in Scotland for <span href="/wiki/Hawfinch" title="Hawfinch">Hawfinch</span>. There are fine woodlands on the grounds and policies of Scone Palace, some of the fir trees being at least 250 years old.<br /> A number of <span href="/wiki/Peacock" title="Peacock">peacocks</span> roam the grounds, including several <span href="/wiki/Albino" title="Albino">albino</span> males.<br /> The palace annually hosts the <span href="http://eventful.com/events?sort_order=Date&q=tag%3Agameconservancyscottishfair&l=" class="external text" title="http://eventful.com/events?sort_order=Date&q=tag%3Agameconservancyscottishfair&l=" rel="nofollow">Game Conservancy Scottish Fair</span>.<br /> <span name="References" id="References"></span><br /> bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7773670978134461998.post-2205568878664699272008-04-06T08:31:00.001-07:002008-04-06T08:31:23.542-07:00 <b> Curriculum</b><br /> Established by pioneer Methodists, McKendree is the oldest university in the state and continues to have ties to the United Methodist Church<br /> First called Lebanon Seminary, the school opened in two rented sheds for 72 students in <span href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</span> under <span href="/wiki/Edward_Raymond_Ames" title="Edward Raymond Ames">Edward Raymond Ames</span>. In <span href="/wiki/1830" title="1830">1830</span>, Bishop <span href="/wiki/William_McKendree" title="William McKendree">William McKendree</span>, the first American-born bishop of the Methodist church, permitted the Board of Trustees to change the institution's name to McKendree College. Later Bishop McKendree deeded 480 acres (1.9 km²) of rich land in Shiloh Valley, Illinois, to help support the college.<br /> Reverend Peter Akers, in <span href="/wiki/1833" title="1833">1833</span>, was the first president of the newly named college. He was three times president of McKendree College and received its first degree, an honorary Doctorate of Divinity.<br /> In 1835, the College received one of the first charters granted to independent church colleges by the Illinois legislature. The institution still operates under the provisions of a second, more liberal charter obtained in 1839.<br /> McKendree has struggled throughout its history to be financially viable and only in the recent past has it achieved a measure of economic stability.<br /> In 2001, the College embarked on a highly successful capital campaign which raised more than $20 million for the campus including the creation of a Performing Arts Center.<br /> <span name="Annual_All-Campus_Events" id="Annual_All-Campus_Events"></span><br /> <img src="http://www.goblueraiders.com/content.cfm/id/21910" alt="McKendree College" align="left" style="padding:10px" /><img src="http://websrv.ewu.edu/groups/eduoutreach/independent/faculty/KevinDeckerTEMP.jpg" alt="McKendree College" align="right" style="padding:10px" /> <b> History of the University</b><br /> Tailgate Party, 2005<br /> <!-- <br /> Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> <br /> --><br /> Homecoming Queen & mascot "Bogey," 2005<br /> <!-- <br /> Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> <br /> --><br /> Christmas Tree, Piper Academic Center, 2005<br /> <!-- <br /> Pre-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Post-expand include size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> Template argument size: 0/2048000 bytes<br /> <br /> --><br /> <span name="Facilities" id="Facilities"></span><br /> <b>April:</b> <i>Spring Fling</i><br /> <b>September:</b> <i><span href="/wiki/Tailgate_party" title="Tailgate party">Tailgate party</span></i> - picnic, fest, and game kicks off the <span href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</span> season<br /> <b>October:</b> <i><span href="/wiki/Homecoming" title="Homecoming">Homecoming</span></i> - parade, fest, and <span href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</span> game<br /> <b>December:</b> <i><span href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</span> lighting</i> - eggnog, <span href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carols</span>, and Christmas tree illumination<br /> ifexist count: 0/500<br /> <br /> ifexist count: 0/500<br /> <br /> ifexist count: 0/500<br /> <b> Facilities</b><br /> McKendree University is a member of the <span href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics</span>. Its teams are called the Bearcats. In football, which returned to the campus in 1996, the Bearcats play in the Midwest League of the <span href="/wiki/Mid-States_Football_Association" title="Mid-States Football Association">Mid-States Football Association</span>, an NAIA affiliate. In other sports, the Bearcats are members of the American Midwest Conference. The Bearcats participate at the intercollegiate level in 11 men's sports and 9 women's sports:<br /> <b>Men's sports</b><br /> <b>Women's sports</b><br /> McKendree's men's basketball coach, <span href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Statham&action=edit" class="new" title="Harry Statham">Harry Statham</span>, currently holds the all-time record for wins at a four year institution, with 915 victories at the beginning of the 2005-6 season<br /> <span name="External_links_and_references" id="External_links_and_references"></span><br /> Baseball<br /> Basketball<br /> Bowling<br /> Cross Country<br /> Football<br /> Golf<br /> Hockey<br /> Soccer<br /> Tennis<br /> Track and Field<br /> Wrestling<br /> Basketball<br /> Bowling<br /> Cross Country<br /> Golf<br /> Soccer<br /> Softball<br /> Tennis<br /> Track and Field<br /> Volleyball bushganizer258http://www.blogger.com/profile/08851934863508887485noreply@blogger.com0